signal-transducing receptors: Bind to a ligand (drug or endogenous molecule) Participate in a signaling cascade Distinguish from non-receptor-mediated drug action Graded or Dose-Response effects (vs. all-or-none) Understand “occupational theory” of drug action Molecular basis (ligand-receptor interaction) Mathematical description Occupational theory: Response = Max Response * [D]/(Kd +[D]) Shapes of dose-response curves Significance of Kd ligand dissociation constant half-max binding when
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You are an amino acid in the lumen of the small intestine of a newborn mammal. You are looking at intestinal epithelial cells that bring important maternal proteins (immunoglobulins) across their apical surfaces by receptor-mediated endocytosis. Your ambition is to be part of a receptor that does that job. A. beginning from the challenge of entering the cell‚ until you have been loaded onto an appropriate tRNA. Amino acids are the building blocks of protein. Within the small intestine
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This reaction was an example of coordination chemistry. In coordination chemistry‚ transition metals bind with ions or certain compounds in aqueous solutions. These ions are ligands‚ while the compound in its entirety is known as a coordination complex. EDTA is one such ligand. In its nonprotonated form the EDTA has extra‚ unpaired electrons on the four oxygen atoms that have single bonds with the carbons and on the two nitrogen atoms. The unpaired electrons‚ the two nitrogens
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Several digits arise directly from cells that both express and respond to secreted SHH. What type of signaling would this be considered? A. Direct contact B. Paracrine C. Endocrine D. Synaptic E. Autocrine If a cell responds to the ligand that it secretes‚ this is considered autocrine signaling. Blooms Level: 2. Understand LO: 09.01.01 Discriminate between methods of signaling based on distance from source to reception. Section: 09.01 Overview of Cell Communication Topic: Cell
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Short answer questions – generally complex by their nature and require knowledge and integration of several different concepts 1. Explain what are the end goals of reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning. Outline the steps both procedures share and the step(s) specific for each procedure. • Reproductive Cloning- Reproductive cloning is a type of cloning which is performed for the purpose of creating a duplicate copy of another organism. It is accomplished using a process called somatic cell
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structure available today is the structure provided by Bjørn P. Pedersen et al. which has 3.8 Å resolution. At this resolution‚ structure based drug design using computational chemistry cannot be conducted accurately‚ so ligand based drug design approach‚ starting from a known ligand must be
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in: 10 August 2011 Aim To prepare cobalt (III) acetylacetonate in the laboratory using cobalt (II) carbonate and acetylacetone at room temperature and pressure. Introduction The anion acetylacetone (acac) used in this practical functions as a ligand which forms a complex with the cobalt metal cation in an octahedral array where there is electrostatic bonds between the cobalt metal and both the oxygen’s of the acetylacetone to form a six membered ring1. Figure1: The 3-D molecular
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Coordination complexes in biochemistry Approximately one-third of the chemical elements are present in living organisms. Many of these are metallic ions whose function within the cell depends on the formation of d-orbital coordination complexes with small molecules such as porphyrins (see below). These complexes are themselves bound within proteins (metalloproteins) which provide a local environment that is essential for their function‚ which is either to transport or store diatomic molecule (oxygen
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Biochemistry Exam I Terminology Boiling point is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the pressure surrounding the liquid. At this temperature the liquid phase changes into the gaseous phase (also a colligative property) Melting point is the temperature at which the solid and liquid phases are in equilibrium. At this temperature the solid state changes into a liquid phase (also a colligative property) Specific heat is the amount of energy (in joules or calories) needed
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Part of Lactate Dehydrogenase responsibility is to catalyzes the reaction of pyruvate and lactate of NADH AND NAD+. As it converts pyruvate‚ the final product of glycolysis‚ to lactate‚ if oxygen is absent or in minimal amounts‚ it will perform the opposite reaction during another cycle‚ which is the Cori cycle. The Cori cycle takes place in the liver. When we exercise our cells get significant amounts of oxygen and sugar is broken down quickly and very efficiently. On the other hand‚ when we start
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