CAPITAL BUDGETING: ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS. SEPTEMBER 2012 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.0 Background Study Capital budgeting is the process by which firms determine how to invest their capital. Included in this process are the decisions to invest in new projects‚ reassess the amount of capital already invested in existing projects‚ allocate and ration capital
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Public Relations Lecture Notes Public Relations as a Management Tool: Research and Evaluation The four–step process includes: 1) defining the problem or opportunity‚ 2) planning and programming‚ 3) taking action and communicating‚ and 4) evaluating the program. Research‚ Planning‚ Communication‚ and Evaluation are the four steps in the process. Research is the systematic gathering of information to describe and understand situations and to check out assumptions about publics and public relations
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Brief Introduction of International Relations International relations refers to the collective interactions of the international community‚ which includes individual nations and states‚ inter-governmental organizations such as the United Nations‚ non-governmental organizations like Doctors Without Borders‚ multinational corporations‚ and so forth. International relation is a very broad concept. In modern usage it includes not only relations between states but also between states and non-state
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support by the US when needed most — during the 1965 War and‚ again‚ the 1971 War which led to the disintegration of the country. In fact‚ the US later imposed severe penalties‚ embargoes and sanctions on Pakistan. In the post-9/11 scenario bilateral relations saw a shifting policy pattern to dubiousness‚ and Pakistan still remained target of accusations from all sides. Not only
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each approach • Describe how the research process relates to each approach © 2008 Kimberly Galt Outline for each approach • Definition of the approach • Overview of the overarching problem or needs that the approach is intended to address • Context of research methodology – why it is chosen • Literature or other contextual information • Types of research questions suited to the approach © 2008 Kimberly Galt Outline for each approach • Common study designs used with the approach • Usual
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Theories of Deviance are limited in their ability to explain deviant acts if one adopts the view that these theories are universal. There is no universal‚ right or wrong theory‚ rather each theory provides a different perspective which only "fully makes sense when set within an appropriate societal context and values framework" . The functionalist theories share a common structural explanation of causes of deviance . They assume that conformity in society is achieved through the existence of norms
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1) Management by Objectives (MBO): Peter F. Drucker in his 1954 book “The Practice of Management” introduced the appraisal method called Management by objectives (MBO). It has become an effective management tool and is also known as goal setting approach to appraisal. In MBO‚ the supervisor and subordinate jointly identify the common objectives of the organization and set the areas of the responsibility of each individual in terms of results expected from that person. These measures are used for
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Industrial Relations: Ideological Perspectives By Femi Aborisade Centre for Labour Studies & The Polytechnic‚ Ibadan aborisadefemi@gmail.com INTRODUCTION This paper identifies the key theories in industrial relations and draws out their implications on the concern for achieving ‘basic needs for all’. The following theories are examined: the political theories of Unitarism and Pluralism; the economistic theory; the democratic and political theory; the moral and ethical theory‚ and the
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has motivated me to write this book which is based on my own teaching experiences and the feed back of my students. The book includes the background‚ the core concepts‚ and the models of POM. It is readable‚ comprehensive‚ and contemporary in its approach. The concepts of Operations Management have been delivered to the readers in a simple‚ straightforward manner‚ and without mincing the words to avoid dilution of the materials itself. The layout of the book has been organized to give the readers
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nternational relations (IR) is the study of relationships among countries‚ the roles of sovereign states‚ inter-governmental organizations (IGO)‚ international non-governmental organizations (INGO)‚ non-governmental organizations (NGO)‚ and multinational corporations (MNC). International relations is an academic and a public policy field‚ and so can be positive and normative‚ because it analyzes and formulates the foreign policy of a given State. As political activity‚ international relations dates from
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