Agency Costs of Free Cash Flow‚ Corporate Finance‚ and Takeovers Michael C. Jensen Harvard Business School MJensen@hbs.edu Abstract The interests and incentives of managers and shareholders conflict over such issues as the optimal size of the firm and the payment of cash to shareholders. These conflicts are especially severe in firms with large free cash flows—more cash than profitable investment opportunities. The theory developed here explains 1) the benefits of debt in reducing agency
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activities; c. Productive activities‚ such as finished goods transportation‚ storage‚ customer contact‚ order processing‚ etc. d. Sales activities to let customers understand and buying of goods‚ such as advertising‚ promotion‚ marketing agency costs‚ etc; e. Service activities‚ including training‚ repair‚ maintenance‚ components renewal etc‚ aiming at improving the added value of products. Auxiliary activities: a. Procurement activities‚ to refer to the purchase of used in enterprise value
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is not sure about the difference between cost accounting and a cost accounting system. Explain the difference to Joe. (b) What is an important feature of a cost accounting system? 2. (a) Distinguish between the two types of cost accounting systems. (b) May a company use both types of cost accounting systems? 3. What type of industry is likely to use a job order cost system? Give some examples. 4. What type of industry is likely to use a process cost system? Give some examples. 5. Your roommate
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Cost Theory in Economics A central economic concept is that getting something requires giving up something else. For example‚ earning more money may require working more hours‚ which costs more leisure time. Economists use cost theory to provide a framework for understanding how individuals and firms allocate resources in such a way that keeps costs low and benefits high. 1. Function * Economists view costs as what an individual or firm must give up to get something else. Opening a
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Color/Hagerstown Typeface: 10/12 Palatino Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced‚ with permission‚ in this textbook appear on appropriate page within text. Copyright © 2012‚ 2007‚ 2004‚ 2001‚ 1997 by Pearson Education‚ Inc.‚ Upper Saddle River‚ New Jersey‚ 07458. Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited
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Compare the three retailers in terms of inbound transportation cost (from manufacturers to warehouse/retailer) and outbound transportation cost (from warehouse/retailer to customers). Transportation costs‚ as with most e-retailers‚ are higher at Blue Nile than at Tiffany or Zales. The outbound transportation distance and hence costs and time tend to be much higher when inventories are aggregated‚ as is the case at Blue Nile. In the case of Tiffany and Zales‚ some economies of scale can still be
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2014 Erika Ochoa ESL 1021 Is the cost of college too high? 100 % of the people in the world will like to go to college but only 1% of people in the world can go to college because the rest cant afford it‚ due to the expense. Many countries have the benefit to help students and so far only 3 countries in the world offered a free education and those are Sweden‚ Ireland and Finland. Nowdays‚ the cost of college is out of control the average
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Cost Management and Analysis (22753) Energy Efficiency Initiative Executive summary Introduction This report is an evaluation and recommendation for CSR about an investment in new forklifts in order to replace the100 old diesel forklifts (3.5 tonnes‚TCM) mainly used indoors at the group’s plants and distributions sites. There are three alternatives which best meets CSR’s needs; the gas‚ the electrical and the bio-diesel. The three alternatives in the capital expenditure proposal fall under
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yourself is to get into a decent college? This is when the question‚ should lower-class individuals be given free college tuition to further their education? Comes in. My position on this topic is that they should most definitely give lower-class students free college tuition based on their commitment to school in general. They should NOT deny access to higher education based on socioeconomic status. One’s class background does not determine one’s intelligence in anyway. What is class?
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The Rising Cost of Universities As students are finishing up with high school‚ they come across a very important decision in their lives. Should they move on to a University and further advance their learning capabilities to one day work in a specialized job? Or go straight to the workforce with only a high school diploma? The problem these students face is that this decision is not entirely up to them anymore. In today’s economy students suffer from the rising costs of attending Universities
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