practice of critics who analyse literature on the explicit model of modern linguistic theory. It includes Russian Formalists (Roman Jakobson) and Paris-based writers who apply to literature the concept of the French linguist Ferdinand de Saussure (1915). This is part of a larger movement called French Structuralism (1950s) inaugurated by Claude Lévi Strauss. Saussure was profoundly uncomfortable with traditional linguistics. Structuralism was a departure from humanistic criticism. 1) Literary
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Language as a social phenomenon. To be able to interpret linguistic phenomena it is important to state‚ that language is a product of society. According to Rossi-Landi‚ human appears when he overcomes the aim of satisfying immediate needs‚ i.e. start producing behavior instead of responding. Human results from the labour of man himself [Rossi-Landi 1983‚ p. 35-37; 1975‚ p. 31-69]. Thus‚ language is a result of human activity. Language vs Speech Saussure also separated language from speech‚ which
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LITERARY THEORY Misconceptions about theory: 1. Theory is difficult What is difficult however is the language because most of the theorists are French 2. theory is meaningless‚ pretentious jargon 3. that we are intellectually incapable of coping with it(i.e we are at fault) 4. We take everything as gospel truth; We should question What is literary theory? Theory is a coherent set of conceptual hypothetical and pragmatic principles forming the general frame of reference for a discipline
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University Press. Rutherford‚ W. 1987. Second Language Grammar: Teaching and learning. London: Longman. Swain‚ M. 1995. Three functions of output in second language learning. In G. Cook and B. Seidlhofer (eds) Principles and Practice in Applied Linguistics: Papers in honour of H. G. Widdowson. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 39
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representations and computational procedures" (Thagard‚ Cognitive Science). There are numerous branches of science whose theories contributed to the development of Coginitive Science. These subdivisions include cybernetics‚ theoretical computer science‚ linguistics‚ experimental pyschology‚ and neuroscience. Cybernetics‚ a term used by Norbert Wiener is the study of control and communication in animals as well as machines (Lu‚ Definition of Cognitive Science). Some key events that took place in the 1940’s
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Language innovation It is well known that time changes everything in this universe; thus; it would be strange if language alone does not alter. As the famous linguist Ferdinand de Saussure noted ‘’time changes all things: there is no reason why language should escape thi suniversal law’’ in (Aitchison (ed)‚ 1981: 16). All living languages are in a constant state of change in the sense that‚ new words and expressions come into existence‚ old words are dropped and new pronunciation takes place
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accomplishing linguistic objectives. Methods tend to be primarily concerned with teacher and student roles and behaviors and secondarily with such features as linguistic and subject-matter objectives‚ sequencing‚ and materials. They are almost aways thought of as being broadly applicable to a variety of audiences in a variety of contexts. Curriculum/Syllabus Designs for carrying out a particular language program. Features include a primary concern with the specification of linguistic and subject-matter
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English from the University of Lucknow in India. My fields of interests are linguistics and literary theories. I want to take them up as my areas of research studies. FLTA grant would broaden my knowledge of the linguistic and literary sciences. It will be a great asset towards my field of studies. While in my tenure in the grant I will be assisting as a teacher of Hindi to the students of a different mother tongue‚ the linguistic behavior of the students‚ the way in which a person acquires a foreign
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language treat other speakers of varieties considered to be ‘low’ or ‘bad’. The film addresses linguistic and cultural issues such as language change‚ regional and social variation and prescriptivists’ and descriptivists’ attitudes toward such variations of language and issues of language and identity and socio-economic status associated with these phenomena. It brings to the fore attitudes towards linguistic variation in England and around the world and highlights prescriptivists’ perspectives about
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Cultural (ethnic‚ religious‚ and social differences) • Perceptional (viewing what is said from your own mindset) • Motivational (mental inertia) • Experiential (lack of similar experience) • Emotional (personal feelings at the moment) • Linguistic (different languages or vocabulary) • Non-verbal (non-word messages) • Competition (noise‚ doing other things besides listening) • Words (we assign a meaning to a word often because of culture -- note the difference in the meaning of "police"
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