investigated. Methanolic and aqueous extract of leaves and fruits of P. niruri showed inhibition of membrane lipid peroxidation (LPO)‚ scavenging of 1‚1-diphenyl-2picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in vitro. Antioxidant activity of the extracts were also demonstrable in vivo by the inhibition of the carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) – induced formation of lipid peroxides in the liver of rats by pretreatment with the extracts. CCl4 – induced hepatotoxicity in rats
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be bread and grains. Fats - Fats are a complex of fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol backbone. Fats are a type of lipid‚ and are used for energy‚ energy storage‚ structure‚ hormones‚ waterproofing‚ and insulation. Types of food would depend on the fats‚ saturated or unsaturated. Butter‚ oils‚ certain meats‚ and certain foods all contain a certain amount of lipid source. 2. The brain is a major consumer of glucose. Around 30% of glucose consumed is used by the brain‚ which does rely
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Organic molecules are the molecules of life that include Carbon and Hydrogen. Organic molecules consist of four important classes which are lipids‚ carbohydrates‚ proteins and nucleic acids. The most important organic molecule is Carbon. Carbon can form with up to 4 different atoms to form chains‚ rings and branches. Organic molecules also contain monomers. Monomers are the “building blocks” of macromolecules. Macromolecules are made up by chains of monomers‚ these are called polymers. Continuing
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fair game in Chapters 5-7 Chapter Five: ………….. Membranes Evaluate the importance of membranes to the homeostasis of the cell‚ emphasizing their various functions Explain how the properties of the lipid bilayer govern many properties of the cell membrane (ie understand the chemical lipid bilayer structure—what does “hydrophobic” and “hydrophilic” mean?) Discuss the general types‚ functions‚ and importance of membrane proteins. Describe the components of a solution. Contrast the processes
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Structure and Characteristics of Lipids‚ Proteins‚ and Carbohydrates Carbs Monosaccharide- simple sugars; simple carbs C6H12O6 3 types Glucose Energy source for all cells 1 of the 2 sugars in every disaccharide Makes up polysaccharides Mild‚ sweet flavor 6-sided ring Fructose Intensely sweet; naturally found in fruits‚ honey 5-sided ring Galactose No sweet flavor 6-sided ring Position of the hydroxyl group differs from glucose Disaccharides- pairs of monosacchs; simple carbs
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Unit 2 – Disposition of Toxicants Ch 5 – Absorption‚ Distribution‚ and Excretion of Toxicants Ch 7 - Toxicokinetics Chapter 5 Absorptions‚ Distribution‚ and Excretion of Toxicants © The McGraw-Hill Companies‚ Inc‚ 2011 Factors Affecting Disposition • If fraction absorbed or rate absorbed is low‚ may never reach high enough concentration to cause toxicity • Concentrated in a tissue other than the target organ‚ thus decreasing toxicity • Biotransformation may result in formation of less toxic
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The plasma membrane of a cell is extremely important to the transportation of substances into and out of the cell. The outer membrane of a cell is made up of lipids and proteins. Most of the lipids in plasma membranes are phospholipids. The phospholipids have a hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic tails. When engulfed in water‚ they arrange themselves such that all the hydrophobic tails clump together‚ surrounded by the hydrophilic heads‚ protecting the tails from the exposure to the water. In cells
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Questions to Ponder…… Hormones and Regulation of Metabolism 1. Patrick was diagnosed with Diabetes mellitus on his 8th birthday. His 65-year old aunt was just diagnosed with Diabetes also. Patrick is having a hard time understanding why he needs injections‚ while his aunt controls her blood sugar with diet and oral medication. Why is his aunt’s treatment different from his? Patrick’s diagnosis is different than his aunt’s because he has Diabetes Mellitus type 1. This is when the body no longer
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Digestive System Notes 2. List the major parts of the alimentary canal; then separately list the accessory organs of the digestive system. a. Mouth—the oral cavity. b. Pharynx—extends from the back of the nasal cavity to the top of the esophagus. c. Esophagus—extends from the pharynx to the stomach. d. Stomach—just below the diaphragm on the lefi side of the body. e. Small intestine—extends from the stomach to the large intestine. f. Large intestine—extends from the small intestine to the
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living cells has been traced back to what is now called as Protocells. A Protocell is found to be the first form of a cell before true cells arose. They have a lipid protein and carry out energy metabolism. It is theorised that at the origin of life the first Protocells must have needed a vast amount of energy to drive their metabolism and replication‚ as enzymes that catalyse very specific reactions were yet to evolve. Most energy flux must have simply dissipated without use. Humans consume more
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