Summary of PL/1 (Programming Languages 1) History (Programming Language 1) A high-level IBM programming language introduced in 1964 with the System/360 series‚ developed by George Radin of IBM in 1964. Originally named (NPL) and Fortran VI. It was designed to combine features of and eventually supplant COBOL and FORTRAN‚ which never happened. A PL/I program is made up of procedures (modules) that can be compiled independently. There is always a main procedure and zero or more additional ones.
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COMPUTER PROGRAMMING Programming languages for computers are developed with the primary objective of facilitating a large number of persons to use computers without the need to know in detail the internal structure of a computer. Languages are matched to the type of applications which are to be programmed using the language. The ideal language would be one which expresses precisely the specification of a problem to be solved‚ and converts it into a series of instructions for a computer. It is not
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CONCEPTS OF PROGRAMING LANGUAGES (COMPUTER SCIENCE 7) PRELIMINARIES Reasons for Studying Concepts of Programming Languages 1. Increased capacity to express ideas – People with limited grasp of natural language are limited in the complexity of their thoughts‚ it is difficult for people to conceptualize structure that they cannot describe‚ verbally or in writing. Programmers in the process of developing software encounter the same constraint. Programmers can increase the range of their software-development
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Genealogy of Programming Languages Pre-computer era Analytical engine The analytical engine‚ an important step in the history of computers‚ was the design of a mechanical general- purpose computer by the British mathematician Charles Babbage. It was first described in 1837. Because of financial‚ political‚ and legal issues‚ the engine was never built. In its logical design the machine was essentially modern‚ anticipating the first completed general-purpose computers by about 100 years. The input
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What are computer programming languages? A programming language can be explained to be a language that are used by the machines mainly computer systems. They are notations to write programs which are condition of a computation or algorithm. Few restrict the expression of "programming language" to those languages that are used to express all possible algorithms. The invention of computers is predated by the earlier programming languages that were used to direct the behavior of machines‚ for
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Evolution of Programming Languages Generations Most books and articles on history of programming languages tend to discuss languages in term of generations.This is useful arrangement for classifying languages by age.I agree that whatever a few of we ‘more mature’ software engineers get together‚ we cannot ever seem to agree on wht constitutes the generation of computer languages.We know that Formula Translation (FORTRAN) was probably a first-generation languges.Does that make FORTRAN 77 and WatFor
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programmer has many languages to choose from‚ but what’s the difference between them? What are these languages used for? How can we categorize them in useful ways? These days‚ programming languages are becoming more and more general and all-purpose‚ but they still have their specializations‚ and each language has its disadvantages and advantages. Languages can generally be divided into a few basic types‚ though many languages support more than one programming style. This following list isn’t all
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History of Programming Languages To date‚ there have been two conferences focusing on programming languages. The Special Interest Group on Programming Languages (SIGPLAN) of the Association for Computing Machinery sponsored two "History of Programming Languages (HOPL)" conferences. The first of these took place in Los Angeles in 1978‚ and focused on thirteen early languages: ALGOL‚ APL‚ APT‚ BASIC‚ COBOL‚ FORTRAN‚ GPSS‚ JOSS‚ JOVIAL‚ LISP‚ PL/I‚ SIMULA‚ and SNOBOL. The prospectus for the first
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computer‚ was called machine language or machine code‚ it is the only language a computer really understands‚ a sequence of 0s and 1s that the computer’s controls interprets as instructions‚ electrically. First-generation languages required the writing of long strings of binary numbers to represent such operations as “add‚” “subtract‚” “and compare.” Later improvements allowed octal‚ decimal‚ or hexadecimal representation of the binary strings. 2ND GENERATION (ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE): Because writing programs
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A History of Computer Programming Languages The first programming languages predate the modern computer. From the first‚ the languages were codes. Herman Hollerith realized that he could encode information on punch cards when he observed that railroad train conductors would encode the appearance of the ticket holders on the train tickets using the position of punched holes on the tickets. Hollerith then proceeded to encode the 1890 census data on punch cards which he made the same size as the boxes
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