PAPER Earnings management: a literature review S. Verbruggen‚ J. Christaens‚ and K. Milis HUB RESEARCH PAPER 2008/14. FEBRUARI 2008 Hogeschool – Universiteit Brussel Stormstraat 2‚ 1000 Brussel‚ Belgium T: +32 2 210 12 11 F: + 32 2 217 64 64 Earnings management: a literature review S. Verbruggen‚ Hogeschool Universiteit Brussel Prof dr. J. Christaens‚ Universiteit Gent Prof. dr. K. Milis‚ Hogeschool Universiteit Brussel Abstract Based on a literature review of major accounting journals
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Credit • BOP must be in equilibrium • Balance of payments in Pakistan • Causes of adverse balance of payments • Measures to correct BOP • Conclusion Introduction: Balance of payments refers to sum of both the balance of visible and invisible items. The balance of Payment is a comprehensive annualrecord of economic relation of a country with the rest of the world during a given period of time. A balance of payments (BOP) sheet is an accounting record of all monetary
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productivity and as a consequence difficulty in providing high quality service to customers (Organ & Bateman‚ 1989; Matteson & Ivancevich‚ 1987). Turner (2002) indicated that stress chemicals that stay in the body can obstruct the digestive and immune systems and also deplete human energy. Different strategies can be followed to overcome stress.Peterson (2003) found the visualisation‚ progressive muscle relaxation‚ spiritual growth and managing the worry time as techniques for dealing with stress. Cryer
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“Why do states contribute foreign aid?” Literature Review Christopher Bennett Introduction to International Research Professor David Mislan Introduction There are many competing theories underscoring why countries elect to contribute foreign aid to other countries. This is a difficult international phenomena to isolate‚ because there are many potential factors that could influence a country’s decision. Some countries are motivated to provide foreign aid to certain countries
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David Friedman Charles Wright Dan Kalowsky John Daniel Electronic Voting Literature Review Computer scientists who have done work in‚ or are interested in‚ electronic voting all seem to agree on two things: Internet voting does not meet the requirements for public elections Currently widely-deployed voting systems need improvement Voting on the Internet using everyday PC’s offers only weak security‚ but its main disadvantages are in the areas of anonymity and protection against coercion and/or
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topic or field of the literature review article The article is called Dividend policy: A review of Theories and Empirical Evidence. In this article‚ the main theories on dividend policy are described and their credibility is evaluated. Connection between the reviewed paper and my research proposal According to my research proposal‚ the master thesis topic will be “Comparative analysis of companies’ dividend policy: international perspective”. Therefore‚ the literature review on dividend policy
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International Journal of Business and Management August‚ 2008 Projects and Their Management: A Literature Review Guru Prakash Prabhakar Bristol Business School University of the West of England Coldharbour Lane‚ Frenchay Campus Bristol- BS16 1QY‚ UK Tel: 44-117-328-3461 E-mail: guru.prabhakar@uwe.ac.uk Abstract Over the years and more importantly in the recent past projects have been used as a delivery mechanism to do business and accomplish objectives. No wonder it has become
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The effectiveness of advertising: a literature review Elisabetta Corvi Associate Professor of Economics and Business Management University of Brescia corvi@eco.unibs.it Michelle Bonera (corresponding author) Assistant Professor of Economics and Business Management University of Brescia +39 333 2341484 mbonera@eco.unibs.it Abstract The aim of the paper is to propose a simple approach to monitor and control the encoding phase‚ too often neglected by the doctrine and operators
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CHAPTER II Travelling Uncharted Waters? REVIEWING THE LITERATURE 2.1 Introduction: Storm in a teacup This part of my research journey was fraught with anxiety‚ distress and a sense of being lost. Reviewing the literature became my own storm in a teacup‚ as I found myself dizzily spiralling‚ being flung between not knowing on the one side‚ on the verge of knowing at the other‚ yet continuously feeling out of control‚ not being here nor there ... caught somewhere between locating
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recommends that chief audit executives (CAEs) revisit the budgets‚ skills‚ and capabilities needed to achieve a comprehensive‚ balanced‚ and risk-based approach to auditing‚ as well as develop a process to advise the audit committee and senior management about emerging risks. In other findings‚ internal audit leaders say their greatest challenge is finding enough qualified talent to address the growing and increasingly complex needs of their stakeholders. To help address this problem‚ rotational staffing
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