Capital Structure Decisions: Which Factors are Reliably Important? Murray Z. Frank1 and Vidhan K. Goyal2 First draft: March 14‚ 2003. Current draft: December 20‚ 2003. ABSTRACT This paper examines the relative importance of 38 factors in the leverage decisions of publicly traded U.S. firms from 1950 to 2000. The most reliable factors are median industry leverage (+ effect on leverage)‚ market-to-book ratio (-)‚ collateral (+)‚ bankruptcy risk as measured by Altman’s Z-Score (-)‚ dividend-paying
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Literature Review and Learning Journal by [Author’s Name] [Faculty Name] [Department or School Name] [Month Year] Literature Reviews Introduction Energy is an extremely significant cost factor in managing the United States petrochemical industry (Neelis et. al‚ 2008). According to the current business scenario‚ US faces an increasingly competitive and challenging
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REVIEW OF LITERATURE Research works in working capital management gives us an outstanding view about the exploration of the topic in different dimensions by different authors. The authors have emphasized that working capital management has to be effectively utilized for generating funds from sales. They have examined the efficiency of working capital management in different aspects. Chakra borty P K. (2004) Stated that the conventional method of measuring liquidity
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Financial Restructuring and Its Impact On Corporate Performance In India CHAPTER – 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 21 Financial Restructuring and Its Impact On Corporate Performance In India LITERATURE REVIEW Finance is the life blood of business. A unit may fall sick because of a major lubricant i.e.‚ finance. There are various mechanisms available to a firm for revival. Financial Restructuring is a favoured mechanism for firms in red. Does financial restructuring help in improving the financial
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REVIEW OF LITERATURE REVIEW OF LITERATURE INTRODUCTION Marketing by service industries are yet to gain momentum‚ especially when it comes to marketing by comniercial banks. In India‚ the liberalization of the financial sector has impelled all the players to redefine what business they are in and strategically think how to stay ahead in the existing business. Marketing orientation of banks is imperative for survival and success. EARLIER STUDIES Marketing of financial
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Capital budgeting (or investment appraisal) is the planning process used to determine whether an organization ’s long term investments such as new machinery‚ replacement machinery‚ new plants‚ new products‚ and research development projects are worth pursuing. It is budget for major capital‚ or investment‚ expenditures.[1] Many formal methods are used in capital budgeting‚ including the techniques such as * Accounting rate of return * Payback period * Net present value * Profitability
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Disclosures About CSR Practices: A Literature Review Kavitha W * and Anita P ** Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is now prominent and evident more than ever due to the emphasis laid on businesses regarding environmental‚ social and ethical issues. The level of CSR activities of the firms is made known to public only through the disclosures. This paper reviews the literature on CSR disclosures and the effect of these disclosures. There are various factors which determine the extent of
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bonds for the short-term or the long-term depends on your investment goals and time frames‚ the quantity of jeopardy you are willing to take and your tax status. When considering a bond investment strategy‚ keep in mind the importance of diversification. As a universal rule‚ it’s by no means a good idea to put all your assets and all your risk in a single asset class or investment. You will want to expand the risks within your bond investments by creating a portfolio of a number of bonds‚ each with
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Literature Review The literature review regarding various hr practices is presented in the following paragraphs. Job analysis is the process of obtaining information about jobs i. e. information about the tasks to be done on the job‚ as well as personal characteristics(education‚ experience‚ specialized training) necessary to do the tasks Job analysis in many ways is the first personnel activity that affects commitment and performance (Dessler 2003). Human resource planning analyzes and identifies
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Busi 600 Literature Review Andrew Fagan Liberty University Professor Erickson Abstract The literature research reviewed in this paper attempts to address the topic of strategy implementation. The paper tries to establish an academic case for previously researched material on this subject by reflecting on the diverse views published in the literature. The different views expressed combine to formulate research to establish relevance as well as importance in this step of the Strategic Management
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