The Problem and its Background Introduction Black pepper is a common name of the plant Piper nigrum that belongs to the family Solanaceae. It is one of the greatest spices ever available to man to the prehistoric times up to the present1. Black pepper‚ the dried unripe fruit‚ is just one of the products that can be derived from the berries of the plant. Black pepper has aromatic‚ slightly musty odor‚ spicy but not hot and has tangy flavors that stimulates the senses. For that reason‚ black pepper
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of sensation. An anesthetic (American English) (or anaesthetic‚ (Commonwealth English)) is a drug that causes anesthesia—reversible loss of sensation. They contrast with analgesics (painkillers)‚ which relieve pain without eliminating sensation. These drugs are generally administered to facilitate surgery. A wide variety of drugs are used in modern anesthetic practice. Many are rarely used outside of anesthesia‚ although others are used commonly by all disciplines. Anesthetics are categorized into
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Lidocaine also known as Xylocaine‚ or Ligocaine is a local anesthetic. It is used in various forms such as a topical gel‚ topical liquid‚ topical ointment‚ oral gel or liquid‚ a dermal patch‚ injected intravenously‚ IV‚ subcutaneously or inhaled by a nebulizer. Topically is used to relieve itching‚ burning or pain from skin inflammations. Liocaine injection is used to numb the area of your body to help reduce pain that’s caused by invasive medical procedures such as needle punctures‚ surgery‚ insertion
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of a patient suffering from spinal weakness and seminal incontinence(Hamilton‚ 2010). More than a century later‚ epidural has become the most popular method of analgesia‚ or pain relief‚ in U.S. hospitals. Epidurals involve the injection of a local anesthetic drug derived from cocaine into the space around the tough coverings that protect the spinal cord providing very effective pain relief during labor. The drugs used in labor epidurals are powerful enough to numb‚ and even paralyze‚ the mother
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Experiment # 45: Benzocaine Abstract The local anesthetic‚ benzocaine‚ was synthesized via the esterification of p-aminobenzoic acid with ethanol. The percent yield of crude product was determined to be 21% and the melting point was recorded at 86.2°C ± 0.2°C‚ with a 6.3% error from 92°C‚ the literature melting point of pure benzocaine. The crude product was then recrystallized to improve the purity of benzocaine and 57.4% was recovered. The new melting point range was measured at 89.1°C ±
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Spinal Anesthesia and Epidural Anesthesia Spinal anesthesia and epidural anesthesia are methods of numbing the body before a medical procedure. They are done by injecting numbing medicine (anesthetic) into the back‚ near the spinal cord. Spinal anesthesia is usually done to numb an area at and below the place where the injection is made. It is often used during surgeries of the pelvis‚ hips‚ legs‚ and lower abdomen. It begins to work almost immediately. Epidural anesthesia may be done to numb an
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Benzocaine.3 In 1890‚ a chemist named Ritsert‚ was the first to synthesis benzocaine and introduced it in the market in 1902. Benzocaine is a pain reliever and has many active over-the-counter ingredients. It is also used as a lubricant and topical anesthetic on intratracheal catheters and pharyngeal and nasal airways to obtund the pharynegeal and tracheal reflexesl.2 Sodium channel binds to benzocaine and stabilizes the neuronal membrane which decrease its permeability to sodium ions.1 In this experiment
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types of anaesthesia. Those three are:- 1) Local Anaesthesia A local anaesthetic numbs a small part of your body. It is used when the nerves can easily be reached by drops‚ sprays‚ ointments or injections. The consciousness is not lost‚ but the patient will be free from pain or any other sensation that the area of administration might cause. Local anaesthesia is used for minor medical procedures‚ like stitching of a cut or for treating a minor wound. Local anaesthesia lasts from about a few minutes
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the epidural. Even though I hate needles I didn’t care that time. The anesthesiologist turned me on the side‚ exposing the open back of my hospital gown. Then he cleaned my spine with a cold alcohol swab. With a regular needle‚ he injected a local anesthetic in just the right spot. This was truly the only part that hurt. Once the numbing kicked in‚ I had to lie completely still. A nurse stood at my side and held my hands for reassurance. I felt the pressure of the metal cannula push into my spine
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REFLECTIVE ESSAY ON THE LEARNING CONTRACT CONSIDERING THE SURGICAL AND ANAESTHETICS ROLES OF ODP FOR AN ABDOMINAL HYSTERECTOMY. By AKINYEMI AKINTARO 0711964 Dip of HE (ODP) Enhanced Theatre Practice OPE09-1 REFLECTION ON THE LEARNING CONTRACT. This is a reflective essay based on my experience of participating in delivery of anaesthetic and surgical care to a patient undergoing abdominal hysterectomy under general and regional anaesthesia. I will be describing the process
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