One study of eyewitness testimony (EWT) was by Loftus and Palmer. Their aim was to see whether asking leading questions had any effect on recall. The method used was a laboratory experiment and had two parts to it. The first was showing participants (Ppts) 7 films of car accidents. Participants were then asked questions‚ including “How fast were the cars travelling when they **** each other?” The asterisks were then replaced with a different verb‚ including “smashed” and “hit.” The second part
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were asked to describe the accident as if they were witness’. The participants were then asked specific questions this included the question ‘About how fast were the cars going when they (smashed/ collided/ bumped/ hit/ contacted) each other?’ Loftus and Palmer had found out that the estimated speed was affected by the verb used for example the participants who were asked what speed the cars were going when they smashed thought that the car was going faster than participants who were asked the speed
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Memory and Eyewitness Testimony are two concepts which are studied within the topic of cognitive psychology. It is important to investigate these processes to aid in the understanding of how individuals cognitively process ideas and how this may affect specific behaviors. From a psychological perspective‚ memory can be defined as‚ “The capacity to retain and store information” (holah.co.uk‚ 2006). The further researches into the topic of memory allow it to greatly contribute toward societies’ legal
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bumped‚ hit and contacted. The participants gave answers that seem to accelerate the speed depending on the severity of the word (Loftus & Palmer‚ 1974). For instance‚ when the word contacted was used the group assumed the speed was an average of about 31.8; however‚ when the word smashed was used the group assumed the speed was an average of about 40.5 (Loftus & Palmer‚ 1974). In addition to this‚ in a later experiment when the subject were asked if they saw any broken glass the subjects who received
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examine the influence of peers in friendship choices and the significance of cultural differences as explored by Gonzalez et al (2004) in today’s technologically advanced society. Finally‚ the essay will use the research done by Loftus and Palmer in the 1970’s together with Loftus and Pickerell (1995) to assess and evaluate the influence of other people on human performance‚ in this case‚ memory and how it can be distorted by others. The aim of Adorno et al’s (1950) study was to measure personality
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Psychology Loftus and Palmer (1974) Aim: To test their hypothesis that that language used in eyewitness testimony can differ memory. Method: Forty-five American students formed an opportunity sample. This was a laboratory experiment with five conditions‚ only one of which was experienced by each participant (an independent measures design). Participants were shown slides of a car accident involving a number of cars and asked to describe what had happened as if they were eyewitnesses. They
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Psychology in the Court Room The Expert Witness “How reliable is eyewitness testimony” On the 28th of September 1999‚ a building society in West Bromwich was robbed by a man brandishing a gun. He had approached the cashier desk and pushed aside a customer and then produced a gun. He ordered the three customers in the bank to lie on the floor. He then pointed the gun in the face of the cashier and told her to fill the bag with money. In doing so‚ she managed to raise the silent alarm alerting
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approach has tended to use a scientific approach through the use of laboratory experiments. A strength of using laboratory experiments is that they are high in control therefore researchers are able to establish cause and effect. For example Loftus and Palmer were able to control the age of the participants‚ the use of video and the location of the experiment. All participants were asked the same questions (apart from changes in the critical words)‚ and the position of the key question in the second
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This experiment is a replica of Loftus and Palmer’s (1974) Reconstruction of Automobile Destruction: An Example of the Interaction between Language and Memory research. The aim is to investigate the effect of leading questions on eyewitness testimony of an event. The independent variable is the verb in the critical question‚ such as ‘smashed‚’ or ‘hit‚’ and the dependent variable is the participants speed estimate of the cars. The study was done by asking 30 students to watch seven short car crash
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A key example of that is asking an interviewee “if they saw a broken headlight”‚ or “if they saw the smashed headlight”. (Eyewitness‚ n.d.). This theory was shown by Loftus and Palmer. Changing the single word of “a” to “the” changes the interviewees perception because it is a potentially true fact about a car collision thus prompting the interviewee to take it as real.Constructive memory was described as the notion that what
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