COMMENTARY Corruption in India A Quantitative Analysis Vani K Borooah This article represents one of the first attempts at quantifying the level of corruption in India. This has been made possible by the unique website ipaidabribe.com which invites people who paid a bribe to record their experience. By choosing a specific issue – identity verification by a police officer prior to issuing a passport – it was able to focus on a “harassment” bribe‚ that is a bribe paid for something a person was
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reached inequality begins to decrease. This was the concept that Kuznets hypothesized which led to the creation of the Kuznets Curve (Deininger and Squire‚ 1998:275)‚ which has been reproduced in APPENDIX A. Hence many are in the view that initial income inequality is acceptable and will eventually “even out” as growth occurred (as seen in APPENDIX A with the inverted U Kuznets Curve). It was due to this theory that many developing countries tolerated these high levels of income inequality arguing that
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ESSAYS ON POVERTY‚ MICROFINANCE AND LABOR ECONOMICS by SANDARADURA INDUNIL UDAYANGA DE SILVA‚ B.Sc.‚ M.A. A DISSERTATION IN ECONOMICS Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Texas Tech University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Approved Masha Rahnama Chairperson of the Committee Thomas Steinmeier Robert McComb Accepted John Borrelli Dean of the Graduate School August‚ 2006 Copyright 2006‚ Sandaradura Indunil Udayanga De Silva ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
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some of the things we can associate with inequality. There are different ways to measure inequality but the perhaps best known method is the Gini-coefficient – a tool to measure economic inequality‚ that is. The Gini-coefficient goes from 0 to 1‚ and the Gini-coefficient being 0 would mean that everyone in a group has the same income‚ whereas the coefficient being 1 would mean that all the income within a group goes to one single person. It aggregates the gap in income between people in a group and
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2. Social inequality is a necessary evil of capitalist society”. Please comment with the reference of the sociology perspectives being discussed in the lecture and textbook. Social inequality exists in every society‚ no matter it is capitalist society or communist society. Yet‚ referring from three of the sociology perspectives‚ it proves that social inequality is a necessary evil of capitalist society. Capitalism affects the whole situation of different countries on different aspects‚ examples
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disparity between rich and poor nations of the world‚ of the global village we supposedly live in‚ has only grown. The map of the world below‚ from the United Nations Development Programme based on the Gini coefficient clearly shows the preponderance of wealth and the inequality that exists. ‘The Gini coefficient is a measure of income inequality that ranges between 0‚ indicating perfect equality‚ and 1‚ indicating complete inequality.’ (UNDP‚ 2003: 39) The report continues to note that the ‘richest 5%
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The GINI coefficient measured income inequality. The research findings were that changes in income inequality could help to explain happiness better than GDP per capita alone. Economic growth is associated with increases in life stratification in years when income
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CHAPTER 3 – INTERDEPENDENCE BETWEEN MAJOR SECTORS‚ MARKETS AND FLOWS IN THE MIXED ECONOMY STUDY UNIT 1 Production‚ Income and Spending *Identify the three major flows in the economy Production – occurs and generates income Income - earned Spending – Buy available goods and services *Distinguish between a flow and a stock (Box 3-1 Stocks and Flows) STOCKS FLOWS Measured at a particular point in time NO time dimension Has a Time dimension – only measured over a period Water level
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has an underlying meaning. When was chaos first discovered? Edward Lorenz was the first true experimenter in chaos‚ he was a meteorologist. In 1960 Edward Lorenz was working on a weather prediction problem‚ he had a computer set up to model the weather with twelve equations. His computer program did not predict the weather‚ but theoretically predicted what the weather might be. In 1961 Edward Lorenz wanted to see a specific sequence again‚ to save time he began in the
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Poverty and income distribution in Asian countries Almost half of the world‚ that is‚ three billion people lives on less than $2.50 a day and at least half of the humanity lives in countries where income disparities are present.[Anup Shah‚ Poverty facts and stats] If we perceive things in a materialistic manner‚ then poverty is the lack of basic necessities such as food‚ clothing and shelter. However‚ in economic terms‚ many social scientists believe that poverty can be measured in terms of income
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