Please cite this paper as: Leibbrandt‚ M. et al. (2010)‚ "Trends in South African Income Distribution and Poverty since the Fall of Apartheid"‚ OECD Social‚ Employment and Migration Working Papers‚ No. 101‚ OECD Publishing‚ © OECD. doi:10.1787/5kmms0t7p1ms-en OECD Social‚ Employment and Migration Working Papers No. 101 Trends in South African Income Distribution and Poverty since the Fall of Apartheid Murray Leibbrandt*‚ Ingrid Woolard‚ Arden Finn‚ Jonathan Argent JEL Classification:
Free Poverty Poverty threshold Poverty in the United States
affected crime in Argentina directly. At the highest points in inequality‚ the crime rate increased dramatically. In 1985‚ inequality (GINI coefficient) was at its lowest – 0.414 – and crime was down by 64‚000 a year. Within three years‚ inequality quickly rose to 0.456 and the crime rate increased to 142‚700 cases that year. The next year‚ the inequality coefficient rose to 0.482 and crime rose to 148‚600 cases. For the next six years‚ both inequality and crime would decrease only to spike in number
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CHINA: BUILDING “CAPITALISM WITH SOCIALIST CHARACTERISTICS” BACKGROUND: In the beginning the core of the society was the extended family and an agricultural society. In 1949 Mao Zedong proclaimed the establishment of the “People´s Republic of China”. (PRC) CHINA UNDER COMUNISM (1949-1978) The new government nationalized the country´s banking system and brought all currency credit under centralized control. It boosted government revenues by collecting agricultural taxes. Industry and commerce
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This paper is a brief description of how income distribution‚ poverty‚ and discrimination are a direct result of business cycles. This paper will give supportive data and analyze the business cycles of capitalistic economies to determine if there is adequate income distribution in the American economy. With an analogy of the business cycles‚ we will see that because of these cycles‚ the same population groups are being targeted. Then‚ this paper will briefly discuss why the market system of supply
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−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 4dx A B C = + + (x + 2)(x2 − 4) x − 2 x + 2 (x + 2)2 Then 4 = A(x + 2)2 + B(x2 − 4) + C(x − 2) which 1 implies A = −B = − C = 4 . Therefore 4 4dx 1 1 x−2 = ln + +C (x + 2)(x2 − 4) 4 x+2 x+2 3 dx Lorentz curves For 0 x 1‚ L(x) is the percentage of total income
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Economic inequality is the differences found in various measures of the economy within individuals of a group‚ groups in a population‚ and among countries. (Huffington Post 1). Economic inequality is sometimes called income inequality‚ wealth inequality‚ or the wealth gap. (The Equality Trust 2). There are three main types of economic inequality. Income‚ is the extent to which income is distributed unevenly in a group of people. Income is not just the money by pay‚ but also money received from employment
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individuals to invest in education and training and to take risks in employment and investment for greater rewards. Concerns are being voiced as to the income inequality in the United States due to the degree of inequality which is shown in the Lorenz Curve and Gini Index. (Pg. 189) Some of the causes of income inequality that have the greatest impact Mastrianna says are first‚ education. Education or lack thereof has a great effect on income inequality. In 2007‚ the median incomes of a high school dropout
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impact of income inequalities on health status changed when the quality of health institutions was taken into account. Although every method and study within these three articles were different there were some repetitive variables such as the Gini coefficient that was used in all three studies. Accordingly‚ every article answered the same general question. All of the articles specified that income inequalities are negatively correlated with health status. To simplify‚ areas with lower income patterns
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STATISTICS HIGHER SECONDARY – FIRST YEAR Untouchability is a sin Untouchability is a crime Untouchability is inhuman TAMILNADU TEXTBOOK CORPORATION College Road ‚ Chennai- 600 006 i ©Government of Tamilnadu First Edition – 2004 Reprinit - 2005 Chairperson Dr. J. Jothikumar Reader in Statistics Presidency College Chennai – 600 005. Thiru K.Nagabushanam S.G.Lecturer in Statistics Presidency College Chennai – 600 005. Reviewers Thiru R.Ravanan S.G.Lecturer in Statistics Presidency
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everybody else (the bottom 90 percent of households) owns only 28 percent of the nation’s wealth.” (Kendall‚ 322) The Gini coefficient is a statistical measure that analyzes the inequality of distributions within a country. The measure ranges from 0 to 1‚ a 0 indicating an ideal equal income distribution‚ while a 1 indicates a corrupt income distribution. The United States Gini coefficient is .45 (CIA)‚ meaning our country has income inequality. Income inequality is crucial when it comes to social classes
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