INFANT-MOTHER RELATIONSHIP MARY D. SALTER AINSWORTH Johns Hopkins University 3 theoretical approaches to the origin and development o f the infant-mother relationship are reviewed: psychoanalytic theories of object relations‚ social learning theories of dependency (and attachment)‚ and an ethologically oriented theory o f attachment. "Object relations‚" "dependency‚" and "attachment‚" although overlapping‚ are seen to differ substantially. Among the concepts in regard to which there are significant inter-theoretical
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that a number of formal leadership theories have emerged. Interest in leadership increased during the early part of the twentieth century. Early leadership theories focused on what qualities distinguished between leaders and followers‚ while subsequent theories looked at other variables such as situational factors and skill levels. While many different leadership theories have emerged‚ most can be classified as one of eight major types: 1. "Great Man" Theories: Have you ever heard someone
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internal and external environment for the attainment of organizational or societal goals." The following sections discuss several important aspects of leadership including a description of what leadership is and a description of several popular theories and styles of leadership. This article also discusses topics such as the role of emotions and vision‚ as well as leadership effectiveness and performance‚ leadership in different contexts‚ how it may differ from related concepts (i.e.‚ management)
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Management ............................................................................ 6 The Gilbreths: Time-and-Motion Study ........................................................................................... 6 Max Weber (1864-1920): The Theory of Bureaucracy...................................................................... 7 Henri Fayol (1841-1925): Principles of Management ....................................................................... 8 The Work of Mary Parker Follett .
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Basic management models and theories associated with motivation and leadership and be able to apply them to practical situations and problems Management and Change: Basic management models and theories associated with motivation and leadership This section covers : · Classical Management Theory[->0] · Human Relations Theory[->1] · Neo-Human Relations Theory[->2] · System Theory[->3] Classical Management Theory Here we focus on three well-known early writers on management: Henri Fayol[->4] FW Taylor[->5]
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Financial Contingency Planning: Sources of Funding in Hawai ’i Corrections System The increasing population in prisons has called authorities to consider parole because this program reduces caseloads for the parole staff as with small amount of cases‚ it reduces the time utilized on nonviolent criminals and alternately spent more on the offenders with high public safety risk. In addition‚ the parole calls for state to provide staff with appropriate equipment and mandate that enables faster procedures
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The following paper outlines the comparison and contrast of four leadership models and theories. The purpose of this paper is to acquaint readers with the basic concepts underlying each model and theory. A review of the scholarly studies on leadership shows that there is a wide variety of different theoretical approaches to explain the complexities of the leadership process (e.g.‚ Bass‚ 1990; Bryman‚ 1992; Gardner‚ 1990; Hickman 1998; Rost‚ 1991). Some researchers conceptualize as a trait‚ or as
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homogeneity across cultures. The theory of relative face orientation We have discussed that Brown and Levinson’s (1987) face-saving politeness theory has been undermined for its inability to be applied universally. In surveying recent studies in cross-cultural communication‚ Mao (1994) mentions Janney and Arndt (1993)‚ who characterise it as idealistic‚ culturally biased‚ and lacking objective empirical evidence for the evaluation of their politeness universals. Instead of a theory centered on universals
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How different were the foreign policies of labour and conservative governments in the period from 1945-1964? During the time period Britain was seen as the second while the two superpowers of the Soviet Union and The US were dominating. Both Labour and Conservative wanted to regain their status as a Great Power‚ however more changes happened under Conservative power. Britain realised that after the war they had lost a significant amount of money which meant that they were in an economic downfall
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Theories gave organizations a framework for knowledge and a guide to achieving their goals. The Industrial Revolution prompted the need for better supervision of workers to boost productivity within the automobile‚ steel‚ and coal industries. It is because of this need that the various theories of management began to take shape. The classical management theory‚ which came about during the Industrial Revolution‚ focused on the single best way to perform and manage tasks. This enabled factories
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