Centre Number Candidate Name Candidate Number International General Certificate of Secondary Education CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS BIOLOGY PAPER 6 Alternative to Practical 0610/6 MAY/JUNE SESSION 2002 1 hour Candidates answer on the question paper. No additional materials are required. TIME 1 hour INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES Write your name‚ Centre number and candidate number in the spaces at the top of this page. Answer all questions. Write your answers in the
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and Problems Hypoxia Hypoxia arises when there is insufficient oxygen in the body tissues. If not treated quickly‚ hypoxia is potentially fatal. There are a number of causes of hypoxia‚ ranging from suffocation‚ choking or poisoning to impaired lungs or brain functions. Recognitions: In moderate and severe hypoxia‚ there will be: Rapid breathing Breathing that is distressed Difficulty speaking Grey blue skin (cyanosis) – at first‚ more obvious in the extremities (lips‚ nails‚ earlobes)
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Introduction The lung is a spongy organ made up of of irregularly shaped air spaces called Alveoli. The alveoli are lined by a single layer of flat cells and supported by a mesh of fine elastic fibers. The alveoli are surrounded by a rich network of pulmonary capillaries (Couch and Berger‚ 2004). Our lungs are a network of connected tubes that bring oxygen from the air into our blood‚ nourishing the trillions of cells that make up our bodies. The lungs also clean the blood of carbon dioxide waste
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Bronchitis bronchitis is an inflammation of the large bronchi (medium-size airways) in the lungs that is usually caused by viruses or bacteria and may last several days or weeks. Causes Acute bronchitis can be caused by contagious pathogens‚ most commonly viruses. Typical viruses include respiratory syncytial virus‚ rhinovirus‚ influenza‚ and others. Bacteria are uncommon pathogens but may include Mycoplasma pneumoniae‚ Chlamydophila pneumoniae‚ Bordetella pertussis‚ streptococcus pneumoniae‚
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inhale crystalline silica‚ the lung tissue reacts by developing fibrotic nodules and scarring around the trapped silica particles [Silicosis and Silicate Disease Committee 1988]. This fibrotic condition of the lung is called silicosis. If the nodules grow too large‚ breathing becomes difficult and death may result. Silicosis victims are also at high risk of developing active tuberculosis [Myers et al. 1973; Sherson and Lander 1990; Bailey et al. 1974]. A worker’s lungs may react more severely to silica
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carbon dioxide is all that takes plays by function of the respiratory organs. Breathing is a process by which oxygen in the air is brought in to the lungs and further in to close contact with blood. The blood absorbs the oxygen and carries to all parts of the body. Simultaneously blood gives up waste matter in form of carbon dioxide through lungs to carry out by breath-out. Hence the respiratory system keeps on working without any rest and relaxation there by keeping living being in life and activity
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Chronic Bronchitis Chronic bronchitis is the inflammation and irritation of the passage airways in the lung. Chronic bronchitis is known as one of the two forms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) which can be very devastating. During the beginning stages of chronic bronchitis‚ slight coughing may be seen in the morning and as the disease progresses the individual may cough all throughout the day. This homeostatic imbalance causes a build up of excess mucus which in turn causes shortness
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Cystic Fibrosis‚ commonly known as CF‚ is a genetic disorder that causes the body to overproduce mucus. The overproduction of mucus affects many parts of the body. Primarily the lungs‚ pancreas‚ reproductive system‚ liver‚ sweat glands and intestines are all affected by the condition (Falvo 485). CF is most prevalent in Caucasians‚ but it also is seen in African Americans‚ Hispanics and Native Americans (“Cystic Fibrosis” 2012). Millions of people are carriers of the CF gene but in order for a
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which gradually damages the alveoli‚ also known as air sacs‚ in the lungs. The damage to the air sacs‚ makes it difficult to breath‚ because the body does not get all the oxygen to function properly. According to the article‚ Emphysema‚ when a person has the disease‚ "the inner walls of the air sacs weaken and eventually rupture — creating one larger air space instead of many small ones... this reduces the surface area of the lungs and‚ in turn‚ the amount of oxygen that reaches your bloodstream‚"
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“fantastic voyage” thru the body of a healthy female. We will first need to find a guide that can get us from the right femoral vein to the lower lobe of the right lung and then to exit out of the nose. The reason for this is because we were just informed that the female’s body was invaded by a bacterium‚ which is invading the right lung and this is our only hope of getting out of her body. Before we can start our journey I would like you to meet Mr. Windzel‚ he will be guiding us through the females
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