Cells come from pre-existing cells via division Cells of all organisms fundamentally similar in structure‚ function‚ and metabolic functions Contain hereditary information passed down during cell division A cell’s volume increases faster than it’s surface area Less surface area = less are for nutrient/waste diffusion Solves via: Dividing‚ getting thinner‚ form microvilli‚ store nutrients (Microvilli – within small intestine) Cells are highly organized‚ 3 basic parts Plasma membrane Selective
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w w Name ap eP m e tr .X Candidate Number w Centre Number om .c s er UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS General Certificate of Education Advanced Subsidiary Level and Advanced Level 9700/02 BIOLOGY Paper 2 Structured Questions AS October/November 2005 1 hour 15 minutes Candidates answer on the Question Paper. No Additional Materials are required. READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your Centre number‚ candidate number and name in the spaces provided at the top of this
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* Adaptive (specific) Defenses * Third line of defense – mounts attack against specific foreign substances * Takes longer to react than the innate system * Works in conjunction with the innate system * carried out by lymphocytes that recognize a specific invader * Both defenses work together to protect the body against infection Innate (Nonspecific) Defenses * 1. First Line of Defense – Surface Barriers: skin and mucous membranes * Skin * Intact
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kill some bacteria. White blood cells are the most important part of the immune system. White blood cells are actually a whole collection of different cells that work together to destroy bacteria and viruses and they include: Leukocytes‚ Lymphocyte‚ Monocytes‚ Granulocytes‚ B-cells‚ Plasma cells‚ T-cells‚ Helper T-cells‚ Killer T-cells‚ Suppressor T-cells‚ Natural killer cells‚ Neutrophils‚ Eosinophil‚ Basophils‚ Phagocytes‚ and Macrophages. All white blood cells are known officially as
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in animals. Lymphoma Classification and exte resources Follicular lymphoma repla lymph node ICD-10 C81 -C9 ICD-9 202.8 ICD-O: 9590-99 MedlinePlus 000580 000581 MeSH D00822 Lymphoma is a type of blood cancer that occurs when B or T lymphocytes‚ [1] the white blood cells that form a part of the immune system and help protect the body from infection and disease‚ divide faster than normal cells or live longer than they are supposed to. Lymphoma may develop in the lymph nodes‚ spleen
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when the body recognizes there is something wrong such as a virus‚ infection or immunization. Then there is other immunity and Martin and Hine define this as‚ “Humoral immunity is when B lymphocytes produce free antibodies that circulate in the bloodstream; cell-mediated immunity is caused by the action of T lymphocytes. Passive immunity is induced by injection of serum taken from an individual already immune to a particular antigen; it can also be acquired by the transfer of maternal antibodies to offspring
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the heart contracts. There are two phases of the cardiac cycle. In the diastole phase‚ the heart ventricles are relaxed and the heart fills with blood. In the systole phase‚ the ventricles contract and pump blood into the arteries. 3 Lymphocytes Lymphocytes are the main white blood cells in the vertebrate system that is responsible for immunity. Their main function in the body is the production of antibodies that help to fight bacteria and other disease-carrying agents. 4. The cardiovascular
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the circulatory system to help bring levels back up to normal. Another function of the spleen is as an important blood formation site in fetuses. Another organ that functions in youth is the thymus gland‚ the thymus gland functions in programming lymphocytes to carry out roles in the body. The next two organs are almost one in the same but in different locations. The tonsils and Peyer’s patches are both small masses of lymphoid tissue that’s sole purpose is to collect bacteria and prevent it from entering
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Acute Radiation Syndrome Acute radiation syndrome which is also sometimes known as radiation sickness or radiation toxicity is an extremely serious illness that occurs when the entire body (or most of it) receives a high dose of penetrating radiation‚ a dose greater than 50 rads‚ in a very short period of time. Studies in animals and humans exposed to radiation have allowed researchers to describe acute radiation syndrome. The most replicative cells are the most sensitive to the acute effects
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Introduction The purpose of this persuasive essay is to take a position on the topic; Compulsory immunisation for all Australian children and the issues linked to compulsory immunisation. Firstly the persuasive essay will define and immunity; following this relevant diseases to immunisation will be discussed. Finally the essay will explore the major arguments associated with compulsory immunisation for children. Immunisation The immunisation is the process of protection against harmful diseases
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