Introduction Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease that composes many factors that contribute to the manisfestations of SLE. These factors include genetic and epigenetic regulation of gene expression‚ environmental factors‚ hormones‚ and a dysfunction in the immune system. It is estimated that about 1.5 million patients‚ and many other patients worldwide‚ have lupus. The survival rate of SLE patients improved from 50 % to 90% over the last 40 years from an estimated 5-year
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The safe structure is an arrangement of cells‚ tissues*‚ and organs that chip in to shield the body against ambushes by "remote" interlopers. These are basically life forms (germs) minute‚ sullying realizing natural substances‚ for instance‚ microorganisms‚ contaminations‚ parasites‚ and developments. Since the human body gives an immaculate space to various microorganisms‚ they endeavor to break in. It is the safe structure’s business to keep them out or‚ missing the mark that‚ to hunt out and obliterate
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Melatonin is a naturally occurring hormone in humans that is mainly synthesised in the pineal gland‚ but can also be formed in other parts of the body‚ such as the eyes‚ the GIT‚ bone marrow‚ lymphocytes‚ and skin (Cutando et al.‚ 2012). It is not a ‘traditional’ hormone in the sense that it does not have specific organs that it is synthesised in or that it targets (Cutando et al. 2012). One of the roles of melatonin is its involvement in various regulatory activities‚ such as the light/dark cycle
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1. Detecting ‘self’ and ‘non self’ molecules: the role of antigens and the membrane receptors. Class I MHC molecules | Class II MHC molecules | * Are found on almost all nucleated cells of the body (so are not on red blood cells) * Body Cells that have become infected or become cancerous can display antigens by using their Class I MHC molecules on their cell surface * These antigens that get displayed were made inside these cells * Cytotoxic T cells will recognise antigens displayed
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L. PETERSON/AP BIOLOGY Describe the role of the hypothalamus‚ the pituitary hormones‚ and the ovarian hormones in the regulation of the human menstrual cycle. Include in your discussion the concept of feedback control and the way in which fertilization of the egg alters the menstrual cycle. STANDARDS: Hypothalamus and Feedback: Maximum 6 pts. __low progesterone or estrogen resulting in positive feedback __secretion of a releasing factor __secretion of pituitary FSH __high level
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Some white blood cells are phagocytes. These attack bacteria by engulfing them and ingesting them. This is called phagocytosis. Some whit blood cells are called lymphocytes. These produce antibodies to kill bacteria. They are chemical compounds which can fight infection. Phagocytes have nucleus’s that are like sausages (lobed). Lymphocytes have big circular nucleae. Platelets are FRAGMENTS of cells which are involved in blood clotting. When an injury occurs‚ the platelets release chemicals which
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cells – phagocytes and lymphocytes. Phagocytes engulf and breakdown foreign particles. The phagocyte detects the foreign object and moves towards it. The membrane of the phagocyte then projects out and encloses the foreign object in a vacuole. The lysosomes (powerful enzyme containing vesicles) inside the phagocyte fuse with and release enzymes into the vacuole. The enzymes breakdown the foreign object and the products are either absorbed into the cell or released. Lymphocytes produce antibodies in
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Outline and evaluate the research into the effect of stress on the immune system During strenuous times‚ our body undergoes many physiological changes in order to aid our survival‚ and this is an inherited function (Canon’s ‘fight or flight’ theory). Stress in small doses‚ in fact is needed and useful to humans‚ however long term stress can take its toll on the body. The General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) model was developed by Selye to explain the effects of exposure to stressor. The GAS model consists
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Name: __________________________ Date: _____________ |1. |British civil service workers in executive positions live longer than those in clerical positions. This best illustrates the | | |value of: | |A) |emotion-focused coping. | |B) |the general adaptation
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AP Psychology Essay Prompts and Scoring Rubrics The enclosed document includes an essay prompt for each unit in AP Psychology and a corresponding scoring rubric. The purpose of this activity is to increase the students’ awareness of how AP exam readers grade from a rubric. Emphasis is placed on the definition of terms and the application of those terms. Units include: Introduction to Psychology Psychobiology Sensation and Perception Memory Learning Nature and Nurture of Behavior
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