capillaries-Absorb excess tissue fluid and return it to the blood stream Lacteals (in small intestine) –absorb fats vin the form lipoproteins and transport them to the bloodstream Lymphoid organs lymphatic vessels are sites of production and distribution of lymphocytes‚ which help defend the body against pathogens Lymphatic vessels One- way system-The movement of fluid is dependent upon skeletal muscle contraction; when the muscles contract‚ fluid is squeezed past a valve that closes‚ preventing it from flowing
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The main blood vessels are the following: Aorta. The aorta is the largest and principal artery in the body. From the aorta branches lead to all the organs of the body‚ supplying them with oxygen and nutrients. Coronary Artery. The coronary artery is also a branch of the aorta. It supplies the heart tissue with oxygen and nutrients. Pulmonary Artery. The pulmonary artery arises from the right-hand upper corner of the roght ventricle. It branches into the left and right pulmonary arteries which lead
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Human Anatomy & Physiology‚ 9e (Marieb) Chapter 17 Blood MATCHING QUESTIONS Figure 17.1 Using Figure 17.1‚ match the following: 1) Monocyte. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 659; Tbl. 17.2 2) Lymphocyte. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 659; Tbl. 17.2 3) Eosinophil. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 658; Tbl. 17.2 4) Neutrophil. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 657; Tbl. 17.2 5) Most common white blood cell found
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Classification of Epithelia Lines Examples Simple squamous Surfaces involved in passive transport Alveoli Endothelium Loops of Henle Simple cuboidal epithelia Surfaces involved in secretion and absorption Some glands Ducts Collecting tubule of kidney Simple columnar epithelia Surfaces involved in high rates of secretion and absorption Protection Stomach and small intestine where it has microvilli Collecting tubule of kidney Fallopian tubes where it is ciliated Pseudostratified Usually ciliated
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Tuberculosis is a common‚ and in many cases lethal‚ infectious disease caused by various strains of mycobacteria‚ usually Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis typically attacks the lungs‚ but can also affect other parts of the body. It is spread through the air when people who have an active TB infection cough‚ sneeze‚ or otherwise transmit respiratory fluids through the air. Most infections are asymptomatic and latent‚ but about one in ten latent infections eventually progresses to active disease
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REVISION NOTES – STRESS Stress ‡ an emotion‚ a state of psychological tension and physiological arousal produced by a stressor which makes the individual ready to respond‚ It is an adaptive response because it enables the individual to cope. It becomes maladaptive if the stressor persists Stressor ‡ a physiological or psychological stimulus that threatens an individual’s well being. It could lead to a stress response. THE BODY’S RESPONSE TO STRESS The General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) – model
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elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels (CH group)‚ 13 CHC patients with persistent normal ALT levels (PNALT group)‚ and 14 age-matched healthy subjects (HS group; controls). Tregs were identified as CD4?‚ CD25?‚ and forkhead box P3 (Foxp3)? T lymphocytes‚ using threecolor fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). The frequency of Tregs was determined by calculating the percentage of CD4?CD25high T cells among CD4 T cells. CD127 and CD45RA were also analyzed for subsets of Tregs. The levels of serum
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What is AIDS? Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus (slowly-replicating retrovirus) that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)‚ a condition in humans in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive (1). A virus is a piece of genetic material‚ RNA or DNA‚ surrounded by a protein coat. To replicate‚ a virus must infect a cell and direct its cellular machinery to produce new viruses. A virus cannot
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lymph glands such as macrophages remove foreign particles‚ especially bacteria‚ which might otherwise enter the general circulation. They are also centers (together with bone marrow and thymus gland) for production‚ maintenance‚ and distribution of lymphocytes that produce antibodies— essential components of the body’s defense mechanisms MAMMALIAN BLOOD Plasma 1. Water 90% 2. Dissolved solids: plasma proteins‚ glucose‚ amino acids‚ electrolytes‚ various enzymes‚ antibodies‚ hormones‚ metabolic wastes
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The inflammatory pathology of the nervous system Any of the etiologic agents of infection may give determinations to the nervous system. Usually these are secondary locations of other infections in the body: infectious diseases‚ endocarditis‚ pulmonary and urinary infections‚ regional inflammations etc. The pathways by which pathogens reach the bodies nervous system are: through blood pressure‚ arteries or veins‚ dissemination of nearby (eg the sinuses‚ internal ear‚ etc..) or through neuronal
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