Cells Cell Theory- Cells are the smallest units of life All organisms are made of one or more cells All cells come from pre-existing cells Cells are organized Organelles- compartments that perform different functions in the cell Cells can be prokaryotic or eukaryotic Eukaryotes (Animals‚ plants‚ and fungi) Contain: Nucleus Membrane bound organelles Prokaryotes Nucleoid- region that contains DNA Flagellum Characteristics of Chloroplasts and Mitochondria (similar to Prokaryotic Cells)
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trapping eIF2 in its GDP bound state2. In the presence of low nutrients‚ cells will try to make amino acids‚ try to break down proteins so that they can restore the concentration of amino acids and try to pump out any stored amino acids out of the vacuoles/lysosome into cytoplasm while blocking
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difference between a primary and secondary lysosome? What is the function of a lysosome? Explain the structures of mitochondria and chloroplasts. What are the unique features of these organelles that have given rise to the theory of endosymbiosis? What class of organelles do chloroplasts belong to? What are some other examples from this class? Why are vacuoles so important for a plant or protist cell? What do plants and what do protists use the vacuole
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located. Golgi body - a flattened‚ layered‚ sac-like organelle that looks like a stack of pancakes and is located near the nucleus. The Golgi body packages proteins and carbohydrates into membrane-bound vesicles for "export" from the cell. lysosome - spherical organelles surrounded by a membrane; they contain digestive enzymes. This is where the digestion of cell nutrients takes place. mitochondrion - spherical to rod-shaped organelles with a double membrane. The inner membrane is infolded
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Tables and chairs that fill the restaurant: they offer support to those inside the restaurant and fill up all the space just like the cytoplasm in the cell. Lysosome small organelles filled with enzymes that break down food and waste products and busboys Garbage/ recycling cans: these keep the restaurant clean just like the lysosomes do for the cell and recycle leftover materials Nucleus the “brain” of the cell regulates all cell activity Office of the manager: the nucleus is where
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and takes up a lot of space. Hey‚ look here‚ it’s a ribosome. It produces lots of proteins and it functions alone. They catalyze all of the cell’s proteins. They are scattered throughout the cell‚ many are unseen. Let’s move on to the vacuole‚ it’s very large. It stores water and food and it’s in charge Of foods and wastes. It’s enclosed in the cell. Now let’s move on to another organelle. What’s that system of membranes that I’m thinking of? Oh yea‚ the endoplasmic reticulum
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nucleus B. Ribosomes C. Endomembrane system 1. Nuclear envelope 2. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) a. Rough ER-has ribosomes b. Smooth ER-lacks ribosomes 3. Golgi apparatus 4. Lysosomes 5. Vacuoles a. food vacuole b. contractile vacuole c. central vacuole 6. Plasma membrane D. Mitochondria E. Chloroplasts F. Peroxisomes G. Cytoskeleton (Table on page 113) 1. Microtubules a. cilia b. flagella 2. Microfilaments (actin)
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Temporary storage molecule for energy Has its own genome Produces energy for the cell to move and reproduce Lysosome: Digestive cell Protects enzymes inside the membrane Vesicles that can store and transport Break down macromolecules. Combine with incoming food vacuoles Destroy harmful bacteria Act as recycling center of damaged organelles Found in animal cells and plant cells. Vacuole In cytoplasm Takes up 30% of space in cell Surrounded by membrane called tonoplast Filled with water
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The structural compartmentation of mammalian cells and the differing functions of these compartments. All mammals are eukaryotes and therefore have eukaryotic cells. These cells contain several organelles suited to a specific function they carry out within the cell. These eukaryotic cells contain a Nucleus‚ Mitochondria‚ Ribosomes‚ Rough and Smooth endoplasmic reticulum‚ Golgi apparatus and various other organelles. Most of the organelles are separated from each other by a membrane‚ these membranes
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membrane-lined organelles‚ make up the endomembrane system. Chapter 4 - Pg 83 1. Lipids‚ including fats‚ are put together in the organelle called the smooth ER‚ while worn-out cellular materials are broken down and recycled in the organelles called lysosomes. 2. The organelles called mitochondria transform the energy from food into a usable chemical form‚ contained in a molecule called ATP. 3. The cell’s internal scaffolding‚ made up of different types of protein fibers‚ is called the cytoskeleton
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