Ribosomes are also sighted on the outer layer of the nuclear envelope and rough endoplasmic reticulum where they manufacture proteins for export from the cell. Lysosomes are one of the types of secretory vesicle formed by Golgi apparatus. It contains a cross section of enzymes occupied in breaking down atoms of organelles and large molecules. Lysosomes in white
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the berries‚ and a decrease in the leve1 of malic and tartaric acids‚ and in red grape varieties the skin becomes colored due to the accumulation of anthocyanins (Coombe‚ 1992). The accumulation of sugar in the form of Glc and Fru within the vacuole is one of the main features of the ripening process in grape berries and is a major commercial consideration for the grape grower‚ winemaker‚ and dried fruit producer. Sugar accumulation in climacteric fruit has received considerable attention
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and the concentration of salts in the body of an animal. In freshwater species osmoregulation must counteract the tendency for water to pass into the animal by osmosis. Various methods have been developed to eliminate the excess such as contractile vacuoles in protozoans and kidneys in freshwater fish. Marine vertebrates have the opposite problem; these species prevent excessive water loss and enhance the excretion of salts with short tubules. In terrestrial vertebrates the dangers of desiccation are
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PLANT CELL Introduction Plant cell is the basic unit of structure and function in nearly all plants. The range of specialization and the character of association of plant cells are very wide. In the simplest plant forms a single cell constitutes a whole organism and carries out all the life functions. In just slightly more complex forms‚ cells are associated structurally‚ but each cell appears to carry out the fundamental life functions‚ although certain ones may be specialized
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Key Terms Active transport: membrane proteins use cellular energy (usually ATP) to move molecules or ions across a plasma membrane against their concentration gradient. Allele: different forms of a gene • genotype – the combination of alleles in an organism. Aquaporin: a specialised channel protein in the plasma membrane of a cell‚ which is selectively permeable to water. Attachment protein: a protein in the plasma membrane of a cell that attaches either to the cytoskeleton inside the cell‚
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This week we explore a number of important concepts in Chapter 5 concerning energy and how reactions are facilitated in cells. In this conference please provide a brief description of one of the following topics: What is energy? The capacity to cause change‚ or to move matter in a direction it would not move if left alone. A child pushing a ball‚ the energy is transferred from the muscle of the child to the ball forcing the ball to move. What is kinetic energy? The energy of motion‚ moving
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Give reasons (s) 1- Formaline is used as fixative in preparation for LM examinations 2- Resolution power is difference from magnification power Complete 1- The cells are the smallest …… and …… units in the body. 2- The size of tissue sample for histological preparation is …… in light microscope and ……. in electron microscope. 3- Fixative used in tissue preparation for LM examination is …….. while in EM is …….. 4- Substance used for tissue embedding in preparation for LM examination is
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The nucleus is the largest and most prominent organelle‚ occupying about 10% of the total volume of a cell and can have a varying number of nuclei. It could be uni-nucleate – single nucleus; bi-nucleate – two nuclei or even multi-nucleate. The nucleus separates itself from the surrounding cytoplasm by the double membrane around it called the nuclear envelope‚ this helps to regulate the flow of certain substances going in and out of the nucleus. At varying points around the nucleus‚ the two membranes
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Salters Nuffield Advanced Biology AS Revision summary Unit 1 Topic 1: Lifestyle‚ health and risk Topic 2: Genes and health Unit 2 Topic 3: Topic 4: SNAB Biology AS Revision Summary Understanding the specification The following summary tries to explain what is meant by the specification statements for the SNAB AS course. SNAB includes a lot of material because it helps you to understand ideas or because it is interesting‚ but it can be a little confusing when it comes to knowing what to
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membrane and therefore increased permeability. Beetroot contains a red pigment called betacyanin‚ which is located in the large central vacuole of the beetroot cells. The vacuole is enclosed by a single membrane called the tonoplast and the whole cell is enclosed by the cell membrane made up of phospholipids and proteins. Betacyanin will remain inside the vacuoles of intact cells. However‚ if the membranes are damaged‚ betacyanin will leak out and produce a red/dark pink colour in the surrounding
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