Handout Differentiation of Magmas By Fractional Crystallization Karl R. Wirth Geology Department Macalester College St. Paul‚ MN 55105 wirth@macalester.edu Purpose: * improve understanding of fractional crystallization and magmatic differentiation * utilize mineralogy concepts (e.g.‚ stoichiometry) * utilizeclassification and chemical variation diagrams * provide practical experience designing and using spreadsheets * provide appreciation of the historical origins
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modeling as applied to magmatic systems. The use of thermodynamic modeling in igneous petrology as an approach complimentary to the conventional geochemical modeling is also explored. 1|Page Introduction Magmas are the hot molten bodies produced by melting events within solid Earth. Most magmas exist as physically heterogeneous mixtures of melt‚ suspended crystals‚ and dissolved gases‚ with a bulk chemical composition so complex that it practically contains all the naturally occurring elements on
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D’monta Brown Period 5 November 4‚ 2012 Mr. Melchor Tupac Amaru Shakur‚ born Lesane Parish Crooks; June 16‚ 1971‚ known by his stage names 2Pac and Makaveli‚ was an American famous rapper and actor. On the night of September 7‚ 1996‚ Shakur attended the Mike Tyson–Bruce Sheldon boxing match at the MGM GRAND in Las Vegas. After leaving the match‚ one of Knight’s associates spotted 21-year-old Orlando Anderson‚ an alleged member of the Southside Crips‚ in the MGM
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form when cooling‚ crystallization and loss of gases cause a once fluid magma to solidify. Most rocks that form intrusions originate as either granitic or basaltic magma. Granitic magmas are low density and small quantities‚ just a few kilometers wide‚ rise slowly through the earth’s upper crust‚ pushing existing country rock aside. However‚ very large granite masses‚ which can be up to 1‚000 times larger‚ are formed when magma incorporates heated country rock. An intrusive igneous rock is called a
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and more destructive 4. How would a seismologist locate and earthquake? They use a seismograph to record seismic waves and use the S-P time method to figure out the epicenter. 5. What is the basic structure of a volcano? Vents‚ lava‚ magma chamber‚ and ash 6. What is the difference between an explosive and a non-explosive eruption? Nonexplosive Eruptions * Most common type * Laval flows from them calmly. (can be huge amount) Explosive Eruptions * Rarer than nonexplosive
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texture. Rocks that form as magma cools slowly underground (intrusive igneous rocks) develop phaneritic textures‚ in which individual mineral crystals can be seen without a microscope. Some igneous rocks exhibit visible crystals (phenocrysts) in a matrix of tiny crystals (groundmass)‚ or a porphyritic texture. The magma cooled slowly underground (allowing the larger crystals to form) and then quickly at the Earth’s surface (where the tiny crystals formed). When magma cools too quickly for any
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depression at the summit of a volcano‚ is formed when magma is withdrawn or erupted from a shallow underground magma reservoir. The caldera lake is covered by a two-hundred-meter thick ice cap. Beneath the lake is where the magma forms for the Grímsvötn volcano. Grímsvötn is considered a cinder cone volcano‚ which is the simplest type of volcano. A cinder cone volcano is built from
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Potentially explosive 3. Vent in the Earth’s crust B. Causes 1. Gases 2. Fragmental materials 3. Magma reaches heated area C. Effects 1. Destruction 2. Suffocation 3. Death D. Preparation 1. Watch TV news or listen to radio 2. Read newspapers 3. Evacuate before eruption E. Prediction 1. Rising magmas 2. Small earthquake 3. Lake breakout III. Conclusion IV. Recommendation V. Bibliography
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of the magma. An effusive eruption occurs when the magma feeding the volcano is hot and mafic causing it to have low viscosity. An explosive eruption occurs when pressure builds in a volcano. It may be a small explosion like a basaltic eruption where the gas builds up and suddenly escapes or it can be a large explosion which can be triggered by many things‚ such as cracks in the flank of an island volcano where water enters the magma chamber and turns to steam‚ or if a very viscous magma plugs the
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information about warning was researched. Early warning of tsunami is a new system which receives and calculates the data of oceanic quakes to determine tsunami. The predictive volcanic eruption is achieved through testing the tremors before emitting magma. Tsunami belong to oceanography‚ because of it is caused by a storm or undersea earthquake wave with noise phenomenon. However‚ volcano is belongs to geography‚ geomorphology‚ and volcanology. The famous Indian Ocean tsunami in 2004 killed 230‚000
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