Urine production If body fluids are hypo osmolar‚ then kidney will produces hypo osmolar urine. (Dilute urine) If body fluids are hyper osmolar (dehydration) then kidney produces hyperosmolar urine. (concentrated urine) In the renal cortex the osmolarity of interstitial fluid is 300mOs/L going to 1200mOs/L in the papilla. From the cortex to the papilla there is an increasing hyper osmolarity of the interstitial fluid. Cortico papillary osmolarity gradient. Urine with osmolarity more than 300mOs/l
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Cost Concepts for Managerial Decision Making Prepared for instructional use in Economics For Managers ECG 507 College of Management North Carolina State Universiy © Stephen E. Margolis 2000 Soon we will be using the concepts of cost that are presented in Landsburg’s chapters five and six to analyze market behavior of firms. With a bit of interpretation‚ however‚ these concepts have immediate application to ordinary decisions that
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organization may be classified in a number of different ways for a number of different purposes. I will also be looking to find companies that use a variety of different costing techniques and methods. I will also be discussing the comparisons between marginal and absorption costing and how the concept of activity based costing can also be compared with these. To complete the assignment I will be using a combination of lectures notes‚ text books and the internet to research the various ways of cost classification
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between the unregulated monopoly price and the optimally regulate price (determined by the intersection of the firm’s marginal cost and the market demand curve). As usual‚ the monopoly determines its optimal output on the basis of MR = MC. Here‚ however‚ it cannot charge a price in excess of p*. So‚ for any output less than Q(p*) (where Q(p) is the demand function) its marginal revenue is p*. On the graph below that gives: pm p* MR MC Demand q m q * 2) The inverse demand curve
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1 Chapter 4.1 Marginal Functions in Economics ___________ Cost: Suppose that C ( x ) describes the cost function for producing x number of a certain product. Then the ___________ cost is the derivative of the cost function‚ C ( x) ‚ and measures the rate of ________ of the cost function ______________ the number of units ______________. Note 1: The marginal cost for a particular value of x is the ___________ cost of one __________ unit of production. ___________ Revenue Function: R( x) px
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hard to factor in the fixed manufacturing overhead expenses into calculating the per unit price of goods‚ therefore other methods such as Variable Costing do not take it into account. One drawback of absorption costing is that managers can increase production levels without
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variable costs e) Average total costs e) Marginal cost of production Fixed Costs = FC(q) = 180 Variable Costs - VC(q) = 1 3 1 2 q − q + 3q 1500 15 AFC(q) = Average Fixed Costs - 180 q 1 3 1 2 q − q + 3q 1 2 1 1 15 AVC(q) = 1500 = q − q +3 q 1500 15 Average Variable Costs 1 3 1 2 q − q + 3q + 180 1 2 1 1 180 1500 15 ATC(q) = = q − q + 3+ q 1500 15 q Average Total Costs - MC(q) = Marginal Cost of Production – ∂ 1 3 1 2 1 2 2 ( q − q + 3q + 20)
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X 410 “Business Applications of Calculus” PROBLEM SET 1 [100 points] PART I As manager of a particular product line‚ you have data available for the past 11 sales periods. This data associates your product line’s units sold “x” and total PROFIT “P” results for these sales periods. Product Red03 Units [x] Profit [P] 10 20 100 130 190 240 300 320 380 430 500 -33986 -31792 -9200 790 21418 37728 54000 58208 65840 65050 50000 1 Section A: 1st Order Model
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externalities and negative externalities. Positive externalities exist when an externality-generating activity raises the production or utility of the third party receiving these externalities. These economic activities provide incidental benefits to others for whom they aren’t specifically intended. Negative externalities exist when an externality-generating activity decreases the production or utility of the third party receiving these externalities. These economic activities impose a cost onto others for
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Pullins was foun ded in September 1925 by Thomas George Pullin‚ an ambitious farmer who sold his livestock‚ took a loan from a local flour miller and bought a little bakery in North Somerset. In those early days‚ local door-to-door deliveries were made by bakers donning breeches and leather leggings‚ carrying wicker baskets full of bread and other goods. For deliveries further afield‚ horse-drawn carts were used (we had stables out the back of the bakery)‚ although these were later replaced by
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