direct increase in the aggregate expenditure (AE) of the economy. This will increase the national income of the economy via a multiplier (k) effect‚ assuming that there is spare capacity. The size of the multiplier effect will depend on the marginal propensity to consume (mpc). MPC measures how much money consumers spend for every unit of additional income they receive‚ and k=1/(1-mpc). The multiplier effect will be as illustrated below: Suppose in an economy‚ the initial increase in G is $100M‚ and the
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equitable. Equitable means fair‚ but fairness is an elusive concept and it means different things to different people. • A more equitable distribution may help to accelerate growth and promote human and economic development in many ways: • The propensity to consume of the poor is higher than that of the rich so redistribution will increase aggregate demand especially for basic goods and services. • Social tensions are lower and thus governments can more easily undertake important economic reforms which
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result will be a prolonged period of a. high unemployment. b. production above potential GDP. c. shortages in supply. d. inflation whenever supply increases. Figure 10-8 6. The slope of the consumption function is measured by the marginal propensity to save. 7. If the stock market falls by 25 percent next year and remains down‚ what is most likely to happen to the consumption function? a. It will shift downward. b. It will shift upward. c. It will not shift‚ but people will move upward
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Economics 314 Coursebook‚ 2010 Jeffrey Parker 16 THEORIES OF CONSUMPTION AND SAVING Chapter 16 Contents A. Topics and Tools............................................................................. 1 B. The Kuznets Paradox ....................................................................... 3 C. Relative-Income Hypothesis .............................................................. 5 D. Life-Cycle Model and Permanent-Income Hypothesis .............................. 7
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DESIGN OF QUESTION PAPER ECONOMICS Class – XII Marks – 100 1. Duration – 3 hrs. Weightage by type of questions Type Number of questions Long answer questions Short answer questions I Short answer questions II Very short answer questions 2. 6 4 3 1 Total Estimated time a candidate is expected to take to answer 36 60 minutes 24 36 minutes 30 50 minutes 10 15 minutes Weightage by content Unit No 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 3. 6 6 10 10 Mark
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MACRO ECONOMICS Classical Dichotomy The classical dichotomy is rooted in the understanding that in the long run‚ real output is determined by “real” inputs such as labour‚ capital‚ natural resources and TFP‚ but not money. This means that changes in the money supply determine changes in the price level over time‚ but not real output. However‚ it is important to remember that the classical dichotomy applies only in the long run. Almost all economists would agree that money and price can have very
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22. What is the difference between real and nominal? Real = Nominal – Inflation. Real GDP adjusts Nominal GDP for changes in the price level (inflation and deflation). Real GDP = Nominal GDP / Price Index 23. What’s not included in GDP? GDP represents the total market value of all final goods and services produced in a country in one year. Items excluded from GDP include: non-production transactions‚ existing goods or property sold/transferred‚ used
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Practice Test # 3 Useful formulas/expressions: (1) MPC = ∆ C / ∆ DI or ∆ C / ∆ YD & MPC + MPS = 1 (2) Exp. Multiplier = 1/(1-MPC) ∆GDP = Exp Mult. * ∆AE (3) Δ AE = Δ Income * MPC (4) DD Multiplier = 1/rrr ∆DD = DD Mult. * ∆Reserves Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. ____ 1. Long-run full-employment equilibrium assumes: a. a downward-sloping production function. b. a downward-sloping long-run supply curve (LRAS)
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relationship between disposable income (income-tax) and consumption * C=a+b(Y-T) * a-autonomous spending * b-MPC * Y-Aggregate expenditure * T-net taxes (tY) * Marginal Propensity to Consume (MPC) * Δ consumption/Δ disposable income * Marginal Propensity to Save (MPS) * Δ savings/ Δ DI * DI-MPC=Savings * MPS+MPC=1 * Determinants and Shifts in the Consumption Function * Net Wealth (assets-liabilities) * If Wealth
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1 DESIGN OF QUESTION PAPER ECONOMICS Class – XII Marks – 100 Duration – 3 hrs. 1. Weightage by type of questions Type Number of Mark Total Estimated time a questions candidate is expected to take to answer Long answer questions 6 6 36 60 minutes Short answer questions I 6 4 24 36 minutes Short answer questions II 10 3 30 50 minutes Very short answer questions 10 1 10 15 minutes 2. Weightage by content Unit No Unit Sub-Units Marks 1 Introduction
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