series T H E G L O B A L A P PA R E L VA L U E C H A I N : What Prospects for Upgrading by Developing Countries UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION economy environment employment sectoral studies series THE GLOBAL APPAREL VALUE CHAIN: What Prospects for Upgrading by Developing Countries Gary Gereffi Department of Sociology‚ Duke University Durham‚ USA and Olga Memedovic UNIDO‚ Strategic Research and Economics Branch UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION
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VALUE CHAIN SYSTEM The value chain concept was created by Michael Porter and explained in his book “Competitive Advantage”‚ published in 1980. The value chain is a series of activities that create and build value- culminating in the contribution of total value to the organization. Porter used the concept of value chain as a systematic approach to examining the development of an organization’s competitive advantage in the marketplace. In using the value chain concept‚ the total activities undertaken
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MONEY MARKET The money market is a component of the financial markets for assets involved in short-term borrowing and lending with original maturities of one year or shorter time frames. Trading in the money markets involves Treasury bills‚ commercial paper‚ bankers’ acceptances‚ certificates of deposit‚ federal funds‚ and short-lived mortgage- and asset-backed securities. It provides liquidity funding for the global financial system. Money markets and capital markets are parts of financial
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Association DOI: 10.2308/accr-10134 Judging the Relevance of Fair Value for Financial Instruments Lisa Koonce The University of Texas at Austin Karen K. Nelson Rice University Catherine M. Shakespeare University of Michigan ABSTRACT: We conduct three experiments to test if investors’ views about fair value are contingent on whether the financial instrument in question is an asset or liability‚ whether fair values produce gains or losses‚ and whether the item will or will not be sold/
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1 The Fairness of Fair Value: SFAS 157‚ Irving Fisher and GECON Paulo Roberto B. Lustosa Professor ‚ University of Brasilia Abstract Fair value measurement is increasingly spreading in accounting standards. In February/2010‚ it was present in 61 FASB pronouncements. Such diffusion led to the issuance of SFAS 157 Fair Value Measurements‚ in which many prior definitions and measurement requirements‚ presented in other pronouncements‚ were replaced by a single standard on this subject. But the expansion
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Economics 31 (2001) 105–231 Capital markets research in accounting$ S.P. Kothari* Sloan School of Management‚ Massachusetts Institute of Technology‚ Cambridge‚ MA 02142‚ USA Received 22 November 1999; received in revised form 8 March 2001 Abstract I review empirical research on the relation between capital markets and financial statements. The principal sources of demand for capital markets research in accounting are fundamental analysis and valuation‚ tests of market efficiency‚ and the role of accounting
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The secondary market‚ is also called aftermarket‚ is the financial market in which previously issued financial instruments such as stock‚ bonds‚ options‚ and futures are bought and sold.[1] Another frequent usage of "secondary market" is to refer to loans which are sold by a mortgage bank to investors such as Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. The term "secondary market" is also used to refer to the market for any used goods or assets‚ or an alternative use for an existing product or asset where the customer
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MONEY MARKETS Good afternoon everyone‚ my name is Đinh Lê Ngọc Anh and today‚ I’m going to talk about money markets and common money market instruments. I. DEFINITION The money markets consist of a network of corporations‚ financial institutions‚ investors and governments‚ which need to borrow or invest short- term capital (up to 12 months). For example‚ a business or government that needs cash for a few weeks only can use the money market. So can a bank that wants to invest money that depositors
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. To find the PVA‚ we use the equation: PVA = C({1 – [1/(1 + r)]t } / r ) PVA = $60‚000{[1 – (1/1.0825)9 ] / .0825} PVA = $370‚947.84 The present value of the revenue is greater than the cost‚ so your company can afford the equipment. 7. Here we need to find the FVA. The equation to find the FVA is: FVA = C{[(1 + r)t – 1] / r} FVA for 20 years = $3‚000[(1.08520 – 1) / .085] FVA for 20 years = $145‚131.04 FVA for 40 years = $3‚000[(1.08540 – 1) / .085] FVA for 40
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Moving towards Fair Value Accounting In the past‚ historical cost measures were mainly used for reporting as they are reliable. However‚ historical cost is only relevant upon acquiring the asset and becomes irrelevant as time passes. On the other hand‚ fair value-based reporting‚ which accounts for changes in fair values‚ can produce balance sheet figures that provide a better reflection of the company’s value. This is also why accounting bodies are moving towards fair value accounting (FVA). One
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