Synthesis of Butyl Benzoate Using Phase Transfer Catalysis The objective of the experiment is to synthesize the butly benzoate by nucleophilic substitution and characterize it by IR spectroscopy. The percent yield of the final product is determined after the synthesis. Procedures: 2.0 mL of 1-bromobutane‚ 3.0 g of sodium benzoate‚ 5.0 mL of water‚ 4 drops of Aliquat 336‚ and a boiling stone were placed in a 50mL round-bottomed flask. The reaction mixture was refluxed for 1 hour and the flask
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CHM 3411 – Problem Set 6 Due date: Wednesday‚ March 23rd. Do all of the following problems. Show your work. 1) Consider the cyclic molecule C8H8‚ the eight carbon analogue to benzene. a) Write the secular detrerminant corresponding to the pi-bonding in C8H8. b) Using the secular determinant‚ the following energies are found for the pi-bonding molecular orbitals: 1 = + 2 2 = + 1.41 (two states) 3 = (two states) 4 = - 1.41 (two states) 5 = - 2 Give the electron
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Questions and Hypothesis: Seed germination‚ plant growth‚ and sprouting of leaves are affected by several factors: supply of nutrients‚ water‚ exposure to sunlight‚ and conditions of surroundings. Due to certain stimuli in the surroundings plant “hormones” cause plants to behave in ways that ensure the most efficient use of resources while preserving the most energy. One stimulus to consider‚ is the exposure of plants to sunlight; when plants are just sprouting and are underground‚ the sti
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the bacteria are unable to convert squalane into squalene for use in the hopanoid biosynthesis pathway. Another possibility is that the bacteria are using other materials than squalane as a preferred substrate in this pathway‚ as they would require less energy to convert into the necessary compounds. Despite the lack of temperature-dependent effects‚ the consistent significant increase in growth in samples treated with squalane indicates that this compound provides some benefit to the bacteria. In
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Enzyme lab report. Introduction. An enzyme is a protein molecule that speeds up the rates of chemical reactions by many folds. They recognize‚ bind‚ and change specific reactants. They do not change thus can catalyze the same reaction again and again. Activation energy also known as an energy barrier is the amount of energy needed in order to begin a chemical reaction. Catecholase catalyzes the reaction rate of catechol oxidation. Catechol is found beneath the skin of many plants such
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General Biology I‚ Fall 2011 Lab Report 3 Name: Luan Nguyen Date: 11-30-11 Lab: Gel Electrophoresis Purpose of this lab: In this laboratory investigation‚ students will analyze hypothetical human DNA using restriction endonucleases and gel electrophoresis to match samples from a crime scene to a suspect. Introduction: Your analysis unit will use gel electrophoresis to determine the guilty party. Electrophoresis is a technology in science that allows an individual to separate
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Introduction- This lab experiment serves as a model for community succession using bacterial colonies as the model. A bacterial colony grows from a single bacterium and is composed of millions of cells. Each colony has distinctive colony morphology: size‚ shape‚ color‚ consistency‚ and color. Community succession is a phenomenon observed in the organizational hierarchy of all living organisms. Community succession is not limited to bacterial colonies‚ but spans the entire community of life
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The pGLO lab is a lab where students attempt to put the genes that make a jelly fish glow into E. Coli. After a process called transformation‚ the process in which a cell takes up and expresses a new piece of genetic information‚ the E. Coli will be able to glow and will be antibiotic resistant. The students first need to learn a couple of techniques before they are able to begin this lab. The first technique they will need is how to keep their environment sterile. They must learn to only open their
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There is strong evidence to prove that the mitochondria once existed as a free-living bacteria‚ and were engulfed by the primitive ancestor of eukaryotic cells in a arrangement called endosymbiosis. Mitochondria have evolved over thousands of years‚ but still share characteristic with bacteria such as: their genome is a circular molecule ‚ have little non-coding DNA‚ and have their genes tightly packed with few intergenic regions between genes. Furthermore‚ mitochondria are organelles that contain
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Physics Lab report Aammar Paracha Section MX Feb 6th 2015 OPTICS Abstract: This experiment revolves around using light rays and lenses. The experiment also discusses different properties of light rays. This experiment uses different lenses and measurements to produce images and observes different techniques to obtain the image position. Question and Answers: 1. Use your data to verify the Law of Reflection and then use Snell’s Law to calculate
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