surface-area-to-volume ratio important for a cell? List the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells (general structure‚ organelles‚ genetic material‚ etc.). What cellular processes occur in the nucleus? Why is it important for the nucleus to have two membranes and tightly regulated pores? What are these structures called? What is the difference between chromatin and chromosomes? What is the endomembrane system? What are the structural and functional differences between the rough and smooth endoplasmic
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Chapter 2: Patterns in Nature 1. Cell theory • 1590: Dutch grind glass lens (1st compound microscope) • 1665: Robert Hooke uses compound m. analysis thin cork slices as filled with air enclosed in boxes (cells) distinct • 1676: Dutch sees microorganism under microscope from pond water • 1824: French suggest all organisms composed of cells • 1827: Robert Brown (Brownian motion) discovered nucleus in plant cell • 1838: German produced evidence that all organisms made of cells • 1859:
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permeability of a beetroot membrane cell is affected by ethanol. To do this we will investigate different concentrations of alcohol (10-70%) and measure the absorbance using a colorimeter to show us how much juice has leaked out. Hypothesis I predict that as the concentration of ethanol goes up‚ the permeability will increase as the ethanol will slowly dissolve more phospholipids (lipid bilayer) and so more anthocyanin (the beetroot juice) will leak out of the membrane. So at 10% concentration
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Chapter 6 Resting Membrane Potential (RMP) What is the Resting Membrane Potential (RMP)? ELECTRIC POTENTIAL – separation of opposite charges between 2 points. (“Has the potential to do electrical work if allowed to come together!”) vs. large potential difference small potential difference Magnitude of charge separation = potential difference ** measured in volts (1 Volt
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Outline the roles of membrane at the surface of the cell The plasma membrane encloses the cell‚ defines it boundaries and maintains the essential differences between the cytosol and the extra-cellular environment. The separation of the internal and external environment maintains a constant internal environment which is essential for the cell to function efficiently. Membrane receptors can interact with specific molecules corresponding to stimuli such as hormones to generate a signal cascade which
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Circulatory systems Closed circulatory systems: • Blood leaves heart under pressure to arteries then arterioles then capillaries. • Capillaries come in large numbers. They exchange substances between the blood and cells. • After passing through capillaries‚ blood goes back to the heart via veins. • Valves in the veins ensure that blood only flows in one direction. Single circulatory system: • Heart pumps deoxygenated blood. • Gaseous exchange (diffusion of CO2 from blood to H2O and diffusion
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across the cell membrane is that the carbon dioxide molecules spread out rapidly out your red blood cells down their concentration gradient to your lungs. When water molecules move freely through your cell membrane is called osmosis as we learned last unit. The reason why molecules move across the cell membrane is because they are small molecules that have no charge like oxygen which the cell membrane need to survive. So basically the molecules that move across the cell membrane are necessary to
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Botany Exercise 1 – Microscopy A. The Compound Microscope microscope – optical instrument consisting of a system of specially ground lenses that gives sharp‚ distinct‚ and highly magnified images of minute objects. compound microscope will be used. o two lenses: eyepiece + objective lenses o inverted image base coarse adjustment knob fine adjustment knob revolving nosepiece objective lenses stage stage clips stage opening condenser iris diaphragm mirror U-shaped platform that supports
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BIOLOGY UNIT 2 – STUDY GUIDE CHAPTER 1: Environmental Factors and adaptions; 13.1 Note: Living organisms can survive‚ grow and reproduce only in surroundings that provide sufficient levels of nutrients‚ water‚ oxygen and carbon dioxide‚ and suitable living conditions such as light and temperature. Tolerance range: the range of conditions – for example‚ temperature that an organism can survive in. Tolerance range also affects the distribution of an organism meaning where they live. To
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1. Outline the process of DNA profiling (genetic fingerprinting)‚ including ways in which it can be used. 6 marks • sample of DNA obtained / leucocytes / from mouthwash / hair / other named source • satellite DNA / repetitive sequences used for profiling • amplification of DNA by polymerase chain reaction / PCR • cutting DNA into fragments using restriction enzymes • separation of fragments of DNA (by electrophoresis) • separation according to the length of the fragments • pattern of
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