WRITING A RESEARCH PROPOSAL Robert L. Reid‚ M.D. Queen’s University Copyright 30/09/05 by Robert L. Reid Preliminary Questions What is the specific question? Is the idea novel? Do your resources (i.e. facilities‚ equipment personnel‚ patient population‚ time‚ motivation) make this a realistic project for your centre at this time? Is the answer of sufficient importance? What funding agency is most appropriate? Initial Steps Do a thorough literature search Visit “Research Roadmap” at
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Section 51-1 VOCABULARY REVIEW 1. Target cells are the specific cells that are affected by a hormone. 2. A second messenger is an intracellular molecule that amplifies the signal of a first messenger. 3. A prostaglandin is a lipid that regulates the activity of cells that are in close proximity to its site of production. 4. Hormones are molecules that are secreted in small amounts‚ circulate in the bloodstream‚ and affect distant target cells. MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. d 2. c 3. a 4. c 5. c SHORT ANSWER
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REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Reproductive System A system of sex organs within an organism which work together for the purpose of sexual reproduction. Many nonliving substances such as fluids‚ hormones‚ and pheromones are also important accessories to there productive system. Sexual reproduction produces new individuals - Gametes (sperm & egg) formed by testes and ovaries - Fertilization produces one cell (a zygote)with one set of chromosomes from each parent - Creates genetic variation . Gonads produce
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be as rewarding as anything else in this world. The process is easier said than actually going through it‚ but here it goes. The ovulation process is party of the menstrual cycle‚ when an ovary releases an egg it goes like this. There are 100‚000 of follicles‚ each follicle has an immature egg in the center and the typical 28 day menstrual cycle begins on the first day; that is few follicles decide to grow at the same time that release a hormone called estrogen into the blood stream that prepares the
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Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome The most common female endocrine disorder is Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS). As reported by the Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Association‚ PCOS is the imbalance of hormones in a women’s body which can lead to menstrual cycle changes‚ cysts in the ovaries‚ trouble getting pregnant‚ and other health changes (What is PCOS‚ 2009). The cause of this endocrine disorder is unknown‚ however‚ according to the National Institute of Health (NIH)‚ it is connected to changes in
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serious issues caused by the killer virus. It can affect women’s menstrual cycle‚ fertility‚ menopause‚ and also cause reproduction issues. It also causes osteoporosis in both males and females. Most irregular period cases are because of a mixture between HIV and a low CD4 count‚ being the T-cells‚ but HIV causes a loss of CD4 cells so it isn’t uncommon. Also regular users of recreational drugs will more than likely experience unusual menstrual cycles if they are infected with HIV simultaneously. This side
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birth control pills that influence these negative effects. Scientist have continued to study birth control pills and its effects. While birth control pills appear to offer a positive effects on women such as; prevent pregnancy and regulate menstrual cycles it leaves behind a physical deficiency. It makes it difficult for women to live their lives with the inability of being aware of its long term negative effects. Primarily due to its health concerns of daily living. Given appropriate evidence
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Exploratory laparotomy. 2. Partial salpingectomy. 3. Evacuation of hemoperitoneum. 4. Lysis of adhesions. Complications: Blood loss requiring transfusion x2. HISTORY: This 35-year-old white female‚ gravida 3‚ para 1-0-2-1‚ had her last menstrual period in early January. Prior menstrual cycles had been regular. She reported using no contraception but not attempting pregnancy. Patient presented to the emergency room complaining of vaginal bleeding with pain in the lower pelvic area. Ultrasound performed in the
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to be simply fertility indicators‚ at least on a subconscious level. It is easy to identify whether a woman will be ready conceive on the basis of whether she is menstruating or not‚ which leads to another of Strassmann’s ideas about the role of menstrual taboos: you can use menstruation to track paternity. Strassmann notes that by forcing women to signal
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hormone imbalance which causes irregular menstrual periods‚ acne‚ and excess hair growth” (Center for Young‚ 2011) where the pills can lower the hormones to regulate menstrual periods. Moreover‚ both dysmenorrhea (severe menstrual pain)‚ “affecting up to 90% of young women” (ACOG‚ 2009)‚ menstrual cramps from endometriosis and menorrhagia (excessive menstrual bleeding)‚ leading to anemia‚ can be improved by hormonal contraceptives. Also amenorrhea‚ menstrual cramps and
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