PRICING METHODOLOGY Pricing methods adopted by an organization determines the values attached to its products. Pricing determinant can be Internal or External. An Internal pricing determinant is one that is controlled by the marketer while the external is not controllable by the marketer. We shall be considering the following types of pricing models: PRICE DISCRIMINATION: Price discrimination is the practice of setting a different price for the same product in different segments to the market.
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Demand Forecasting Demand forecasting is the activity of estimating the quantity of a product or service that consumers will purchase. Demand forecasting involves techniques including both informal methods‚ such as educated guesses‚ and quantitative methods‚ such as the use of historical sales data or current data from test markets. Demand forecasting may be used in making pricing decisions‚ in assessing future capacity requirements‚ or in making decisions on whether to enter a new market.
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Contents 1 Competition-based pricing 2 Cost-plus pricing 3 Creaming or skimming 4 Limit pricing 5 Loss leader 6 Market-oriented pricing 7 Penetration pricing 8 Price discrimination 9 Premium pricing 10 Predatory pricing 11 Contribution margin-based pricing 12 Psychological pricing 13 Dynamic pricing 14 Price leadership 15 Target pricing 16 Absorption pricing 17 Marginal-cost pricing 18 References [edit] Competition-based pricing Setting the price based upon
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Demand forecasting Demand Forecasting is the activity of estimating the quantity of a product or service that consumers will purchase. Demand forecasting involves techniques including both informal methods‚ such as educated guesses‚ and quantitative methods‚ such as the use of historical sales data or current data from test markets. Demand forecasting may be used in making pricing decisions‚ in assessing future capacity requirements‚ or in making decisions on whether to enter a new market. •
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Western Regional Chapter of International Fiscal Association –Indian Branch Transfer Pricing Problems‚ Strategies and Documentation Recent International Case Law on Transfer Pricing by Nishith Desai The Taj Mahal Hotel‚ Mumbai January 21st & 22nd 2002 Nishith Desai Associates 2 TRANSFER PRICING Content I. II. Introduction History III. Select International cases US Cases 1. 2. 3. Compaq Computer Corporation V. Commissioner DHL Corporation and Subsidiaries V. Commissioner Texaco
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Branding‚ Packaging and Labeling Packaging and Labeling What you’ll learn . . . • The principal functions of product packaging • The main functions of labels Packaging • The physical container or wrapping for a product. Functions of Packaging • Promoting and Selling the Product Functions of Packaging • Defining Product Identity – invokes prestige‚ convenience‚ or status Functions of Packaging • Provides Information – UPC symbols‚ contents‚ guarantees‚ nutritional value
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Meanings and Definition of Demand: The word ’demand’ is so common and familiar with every one of us that it seems superfluous to define it. The need for precise definition arises simply because it is sometimes confused with other words such as desire‚ wish‚ want‚ etc. Demand in economics means a desire to possess a good supported by willingness and ability to pay for it. If your have a desire to buy a certain commodity‚ say a car‚ but you do not have the adequate means to pay for it‚ it will
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11 Pricing Strategy Multiple Choice Questions 1. _____ on pricing decisions concern primarily the nature of the target market and expected reactions of consumers to a given price or change in price. a. Government influences b. Environmental influences c. Supply influences d. Demand influences Answer: d Learning Objective: 11-1 Level of Difficulty: Easy Bloom’s: Knowledge AACSB: Analytic Topic: Demand Influences On Pricing Decisions Page: 163 Explanation: Demand influences
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2. Prospective Analysis Explanation of Forecast Assumptions Myer decided to change their business strategy due to the poor performance in the prior years (appendix A). First‚ they are planning to focus on customer satisfaction by investing more than $600 million for capital and the implementation costs of the new strategy (Myer Holdings Limited 2015). Second‚ they are expanding the range of their brands and focusing on the big and well-known names such as Calvin Klein and Nine West to achieve the
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ITM UNIVERSITY ECONOMICS DETERMINANTS OF DEMAND SUBMITTED TO: Miss. Surti Dahuja SUBMITTED BY : SHUMYLA KHAN‚ KINNI KANSANA‚ SAGAR VYAS‚ Shibu lijack DEMAND “Demand for a commodity refers to the quantity of the commodity which an individual consumer or a household is willing to purchase per unit of time at a particular price”. Demand for a commodity implies – a) Desire of the consumer to buy the product‚ b) His willingness to buy the product‚ and c) Sufficient purchasing power in his pocket
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