PRICING METHODOLOGY Pricing methods adopted by an organization determines the values attached to its products. Pricing determinant can be Internal or External. An Internal pricing determinant is one that is controlled by the marketer while the external is not controllable by the marketer. We shall be considering the following types of pricing models: PRICE DISCRIMINATION: Price discrimination is the practice of setting a different price for the same product in different segments to the market.
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Pricing is one of the most important elements of the marketing mix as it is the only mix‚ which generates a turnover for the organization; the remaining 3p’s are the variable cost for the organization. It costs to produce and design a product; it costs to distribute a product and costs to promote it. Price must support these elements of the mix. Pricing is difficult and must reflect supply and demand relationship (Constantinides‚ 2006). Pricing a product too high or too low could mean a loss of sales
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product development‚ market research and other tasks that are viewed as the more interesting and exciting parts of the job. Yet pricing decisions can have important consequences for the marketing organization and the attention given by the marketer to pricing is just as important as the attention given to more recognizable marketing activities. Some reasons pricing is important include: •Most Flexible Marketing Mix Variable – For marketers price is the most adjustable of all marketing decisions
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Forecasting Assignment Forecasting as a Process‚ not a Hunch Generally speaking‚ managers are faced with decision situations in which they should obtain complete and perfect information and eliminate uncertainty‚ however evaluating data rationally and logically is the toughest part of the decision-making process and that is where forecasting comes into play. The process of utilizing business forecasting is critical to a company’s production or operations department regardless of whether a
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Contents 1 Competition-based pricing 2 Cost-plus pricing 3 Creaming or skimming 4 Limit pricing 5 Loss leader 6 Market-oriented pricing 7 Penetration pricing 8 Price discrimination 9 Premium pricing 10 Predatory pricing 11 Contribution margin-based pricing 12 Psychological pricing 13 Dynamic pricing 14 Price leadership 15 Target pricing 16 Absorption pricing 17 Marginal-cost pricing 18 References [edit] Competition-based pricing Setting the price based upon
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT In this assignment‚ we would like to take an opportunity to send our appreciation to the college due to a proper syllabus and good environment have been provided. Next‚ we would like to thank our Costing and Pricing lecturer‚ Mr.Balan for his generous help. We believe that we cannot create an excellent assignment without his advice and help. At the same time‚ we would like to express our thanks to those who helped us to carry this assignment successfully. Thank you very much
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to receive from good or service which was purchased by its customer. For a majority of products price is determined in a free market by the forces of supply and demand. Also price is one of the 4 elements of Marketing Mix. Pricing strategies are only the medium or long-term pricing plans that a business adopts. There are some main pricing strategies: Price skimming is often used when a new innovative product is launched onto the market. The risk that this product will face competition in the
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on the importance of forecasting. The presentation would be done along the following lines. * THE MEANING OF FORECASTING * STEPS USED TO DEVELOP A FORECASTING SYSTEM * QUALITATIVE FORECASTING * QUANTITATIVE FORECASTING * BENEFITS OF FORECASTING THE MEANING OF FORECASTING A planning tool that helps management in its attempts to cope with the uncertainty of the future‚ relying mainly on data from the past and present and analysis of trends. Forecasting entails the use of
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ECONOMICS AND STATISTICS. | WHAT METHODS SHOULD BE TAKEN TO AVOID THE IMPORTATION OF PETROLEUM PRICING IN NIGERIA. | MAT NO: SSC0905121 | OWOYOMI OLUWATOSIN ADEDAPO 2/4/2013 | Oil products are derived from crude oil and they include petrol‚ diesel‚ kerosene‚ natural gas‚ bitumen. Oil was discovered in Nigeria in 1956 at Oloibiri in the present Bayelsa State‚ after a century of searching (Dharam‚ 1991)‚ Nigeria is the largest oil producer in Africa and has been a member of the Organization
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#35129755-8 I. Identify/Define the Key Issues/Situation Analysis A. Key issues that will impact Keurig to survive‚ thrive and grow • Strong bargaining power from a supplier: MTS‚ being the only supplier for the K-Cup packaging line‚ has a control over the machine. Having no substitution plan in place‚ Keurig is forced to follow MTS’s request to fulfill the K-Cup manufacturing capacity. • Difficult to ‘reverse engineer’ the manufacturing technology: despite the alternatives
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