GOTTHARD BASE TUNNEL‚ SWITZERLAND 1. INTRODUCTION Currently under construction to stretch a record length of 57 km‚ the Gotthard Base tunnel located in Switzerland spans the north of Europe‚ spanning through the Swiss Alps to the south of Europe. This railway tunnel has been designed to bypass the inefficient route of windy roads and cutting down travel time. The Gotthard Base tunnel consisting of twin tunnels is connected by cross passages at every 325m. The twin tunnels have been constructed
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success of a mining operation is its geology. Geology can be classified as either physical or historical geology. Physical geology is the study of Earth materials‚ operating as minerals and rocks‚ as well as the processes operating within Earth and on its surface (Monroe‚ 2001). Geology influences the strength of the rocks‚ the ability to process the given deposit with existing processing techniques and stability of excavation made in the mineral deposit. This emphasizes the importance of geology to mining
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millions of years causing “significant change”. Uniformitarianism is a basic foundation of modern geology. Age of the Earth Estimated age for the Earth and the rest of the solar system is about 4.55 billion years. The oldest Earth rocks: 3.8 to 3.9 billion years Oldest Earth minerals (zircons): 4.2 billion years Oldest Moon rocks: 4.44 billion years Early Earth Timeline •About 5.5-6 billion years ago (BYA)‚ the solar nebula begins to collapse •About 4.6 BYA‚ Sun begins fusion •About 4.5-4.56 BYA‚ Proto-Earth formed from planetesimals
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Quartz can be found in all sorts of rocks. Igneous rocks sometimes contain large quartz crystals. Mica minerals Mica minerals make some rocks sparkle! They are often found in igneous rocks such as granite and metamorphic rocks such as schist. Feldspar Feldspar is the most common mineral in the Earth’s crust‚ so you are very likely to find it in the rocks you collect! It is found it all of the three rock types‚ but is most common in intrusive igneous rocks like granite where the crystals look
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from pre existing rocks‚ they collect and undergo a process called lithification‚ then form layered rocks The crust of the earth is largely covered up with sedimentary rocks When sedimentary rocks melt they become magma. Magma can undergo crystallization‚ forming igneous rocks (intrusive or extrusive) The igneous rocks may encounter rain and start to break apart and become sediments. Metamorphic rocks are formed by igneous or sedimentary rocks Granite is a: intrusive igneous rock Limestone is
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Metamorphic and Igneous Rocks of the Hudson Highlands 3rd Field Report Abstract The entire region of the Hudson Highlands underwent high-grade metamorphism‚ and at a series of locations different intrusions occurred during the Grenville Orogeny. Certain evidences to help back up this claim are the presence of gneissic rock and index minerals such as Siliminite and Garnet. Since the mineral composition indicates granulite facies‚ then its protolithic content is pelitic‚ meaning shale/mudrock. Also
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Rock and Roll- A Great Movement in Music The type of music that later became known as "rock and roll" evolved in the mid 1950’s. It was a combination of jazz‚ rhythm and blues‚ country‚ and gospel sounds. One of the reasons rock and roll was said to have such a great impact on society at the time was mainly due to the fact that it broke the "race barriers" of the time. During the 1950’s‚ the greater part of the United States‚ in particular the South‚ was segregated‚ with blacks on one side and whites
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water is frightening‚ yet exhilarating. The water’s spray is cool and keeps us laughing. The captain looks anxiously about for rocks and logs. To one side‚ a cliff that must be four thousand feet tall looms over the raging river like an overgrown skyscraper. The canyon contrasts against the sky like black carpet in a house with white walls. Little metallic pieces of rock mirror the sun’s rays and create a magical ambiance. The sky is very blue here‚ like the bluest water in the ocean on a clear
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Most students today wish that they could find some excuse to leave school early‚ but that’s just the opposite for the Little Rock Nine‚ they had to fight to get inside. Having to suffer through fear‚ hate‚ violence and humiliation was the day to day struggle. The “Little Rock Nine” were nine African American students who were asked to go to school at Central High in Little Rock‚ Arkansas in a plan to desegregate the school. But instead this plan caused major controversy. Many people and parents of
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Little Rock Nine Telisha Jackson Topics in Historical Study HI 252A Professor Eric Schoeck One morning in Little Rock‚ Arkansas‚ nine of the most courageous young black teenagers woke up from their beds scared but determine to make a difference. They had no idea that not only would this decision they made to desegregate Central High would effect them‚ but also their families and communities. These teenagers knew that this was going to be a dangerous situation but not to the extent that
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