through experience. Externalism‚ empiricism‚ constructivism‚ and etc. Rene Descartes Immanuel Kant Aristotle Plato Locke Berkeley Spinoza The kind of knowledge of how can we know what we know‚ the reason why? How is knowledge got? Metaphysics Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and fundamental properties of being. Idea owed to Aristotle. In Greece Realism Idealism Materialism Dualism Monism Aristotle Aquinas Locke Kant Plato Berkeley Hobbes
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professor of logic and mathematics at the university and was an extremely popular lecturer‚ because people wanted to hear what he had to say. He wrote several notable works as he was a prolific writer. He wrote great works such as Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals (1785). Kant was an overly critical man who lived his life in an extremely rigorous way. This is most likely led him to becoming a strict rational deontologist‚ believing that the morality of an action is centered on
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Two of the greatest and earliest thinkers of our time are Plato‚ and his most famous pupil‚ Aristotle. Soon after Plato’s teachings‚ Aristotle criticized his claims and independently became a thinker on his own. These philosophers viewed metaphysics differently‚ and they approached the idea of reality in two opposing ways. Plato’s Theory of Forms was a concept that was defined in a different way by Aristotle. They both believed in “forms” but approached this idea differently. Plato felt that there
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Immanuel Kant‚ disagreed with the Utilitarian principle that maximized happiness for the greatest number of people. In chapter 2 of his book‚ Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals‚ Kant theorizes an external critique that we don’t always act for desires but duty instead. Kant really has this worry and he wants to find a firm foundation for our moral laws. According to Kant‚ Act only on that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law. Universal moral law
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that the two theories fail in solving the Ship of Theseus puzzle. According to Brian Garrett of Australian National University‚ metaphysics is concerned with the nature and identity of objects.1 In order to increase understanding of the identity of objects‚ puzzles of constitution and identity are used by philosophers. There is a puzzle common in metaphysics: the Ship of Theseus‚ which was believed to
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James insists that pragmatism is a method of settling metaphysical disputes that otherwise might be interminable. Peirce actually “delimits” pragmatism’s scope in attempt to completely disorient metaphysics as a whole but James introduces his version of pragmatism as a philosophy and a way to handle metaphysics than to avoid it. James prefers to locate the meaning of an idea within its “practical consequences” for behavior when Peirce limits the practical consequences of an idea to those functional proposals
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Plato‚ the father of philosophy‚ was a rationalist. He was the first systematic metaphysician and epistemologist. He believed that we had innate knowledge; a priori. So to him learning was only a matter of remembering. Plato believed that the “ideal” world existed beyond our own physical earth because according to him realty could not be changing or imperfect. From his point of view what we see are only the particulars‚ the mimics of the real thing‚ therefore‚ we have to pull back from the world
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the development of thought. I will also give an explanation of why the selected philosophy best describes my identification of cultural factors that influenced my choice of philosophy. The Divisions of Philosophy falls into four areas‚ such as Metaphysics‚ Epistemology‚
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rationality and‚ the sense of right doing and wrong doing is only obtained from rational thinking. Kant divided moral judgments into three distinct classes: analytic a priori‚ synthetic a posteriori and synthetic a priori. In 1797‚ he published ‘Metaphysics of Ethics’‚ in which he developed an ethical system that proposed reasoning as the fundamental power that guides morality. He stated that reasoning necessitated the need for two essential elements of thought: the categorical and the hypothetical
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and properties of being‚ which Aristotle called First Philosophy ( Prote philosophia )‚ were given the title Metaphysics in the first published edition of his works (c. 60 bc )‚ because in that edition they followed Physics. His treatment of the Prime Mover‚ or first cause‚ as pure intellect‚ perfect in unity‚ immutable‚ and‚ as he said‚ "the thought of thought‚" is given in the Metaphysics. To his son Nicomachus he dedicated his work on ethics‚ called the Nicomachean Ethics. Other essential works
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