Cost Theory in Economics A central economic concept is that getting something requires giving up something else. For example‚ earning more money may require working more hours‚ which costs more leisure time. Economists use cost theory to provide a framework for understanding how individuals and firms allocate resources in such a way that keeps costs low and benefits high. 1. Function * Economists view costs as what an individual or firm must give up to get something else. Opening a
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The tonal center is described as “the tone of complete relaxation and stability‚ the target towards which other tones lead” (Benward & Saker). It is the first‚ tonic note of any scale‚ whether it be major or minor. Tonality‚ or tonicity‚ has a “hierarchy of pitch class [...] where at minimum‚ one [pitch class] predominates [...] the tonic” (Solomon). This sort of music can also be referred to as pitchcentric‚ since it revolves around the concept of pitch. There are several methods that can be
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Answers to Warm-Up Exercises E9-1. Answer: Weighted average cost of capital N 10‚ PV $20‚000 (1 0.02) $19‚600‚ PMT Solve for I 8.30% 0.08 $20‚000 $1‚600‚ FV $20‚000 E9-2. Cost of preferred stock Answer: The cost of preferred stock is the ratio of the preferred stock dividend to the firm’s net proceeds from the sale of the preferred stock. rp Dp Np rp (0.15 $35) ($35 $3) rp $5.25 $32 16.4% E9-3. Cost of common stock equity Answer: The cost of common stock equity can be found by dividing the dividend
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Middlehurst House is a daycare center/preschool which operates as a partnership of George Friedman and Bill Compton. The center is in a city that has a large base of twoincome families who have a need for quality day care. The two men started the center this year. Compton contributed $40‚000 to get the business started—to purchase equipment and to operate through the early months. Friedman‚ who previously managed another center‚ is the director of the center and draws $2‚000 per month for his services
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Period 7 Cost of College In 1983‚ the tuition per term at the University of Oregon was $321. There were three terms per year. In the year 2005‚ the cost of tuition at the University of Oregon is $5853 per year‚ or $1951 per term. This growth in the cost of tuition can be modeled by an exponential function: y = a(b)x. The variable y represents the cost of tuition per term‚ and the variable x corresponds to the number of years that have passed since the initial year. To find this exponential
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machine hours and outgoing shipments‚ which are the activities’ three respective cost drivers‚ follow: Luxury Exclusive Setups 50 30 Machine hours 16‚000 22‚500 Outgoing shipments 100 75 The firm’s total overhead of $3‚080‚000 is subdivided as follows: manufacturing setups‚ $672‚000; machine processing‚ $1‚848‚000; and product shipping‚ $560‚000. REQUIRED: a) Calculate the unit manufacturing cost of Luxury and Exclusive electric sleeping bags by using the company’s current overhead
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Definition and explanation of mixed or semi variable cost: A mixed cost is one that contains both variable and fixed cost elements. Mixed cost is also known as semi variable cost. Examples of mixed costs include electricity and telephone bills. A portion of these expenses are usually consists line rent. Line rent normally is fixed for each month. Variable portion consists units consumed or calls made. The relationship between mixed cost and level of activity can be expressed by the following equation
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Your model should look like this: Now with the cost drivers in place‚ we are ready to calculate Auntie Wuni’s monthly costs. • Leave a row under the Spaghetti: Px/box row and create a subtitle ‘Total Cost of Ingredients’ in cell B28 • Hit Ctrl-B on cell B28 to render the title in bold • Starting from cell B29 and moving downwards‚ populate the cells in this section simply with the name of the ingredients‚ i.e. Oil; Tomatoes; Rice; Pepper; Fish; Cow-leg; Beans; Spaghetti. • Now move the
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Cost Accounting Fundamentals Introduction to Cost Accounting Cost accounting is an internal reporting system for an organisation’s own management for decision making. It is the process of accounting for costs. It includes the accounting procedures relating to recording of all incomes and expenditures and the preparation of periodical statements and reports with the object of ascertaining and controlling costs. It is thus the formal mechanism by means of which cost of products or services are
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influence in selecting the product components‚ and purchasing agents dominate in selecting suppliers. Webster and Wind call the decision making unit of a buying organization the buying center. The buying center is composed of "all those individuals and groups who participate in the purchasing from the decision". The buying center includes all members of the organization who play any of seven roles in the purchase decision process. Several roles of organization buying: Initiators: Those who request that
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