CAPITAL BUDGETING MEANING OF CAPITAL BUDGETING Capital budgeting is the making of long term planning decision for investment fixed assets and their financing. Capital budgeting decision is concerned with current investment that will pay for itself and yield an acceptable rate of return over its life span. Hampton (1992) defines capital budgeting as the decision making process by which firms evaluate the purchase of major fixed assets‚ including buildings‚ equipment. It also covers decisions to
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Capital Budgeting Part I PV= FV / (1+i)^y PV= present value‚ FV= future value‚ i= discount rate‚ and y= time. 1a) If the discount rate is 0%‚ what is the projects net present value? Year Cash Flow Discount Rate Discounted Cash Flow 0 -$400‚000 0% -$400‚000 1 $100‚000 0% $100‚000 2 $120‚000 0% $120‚000 3 $850‚000 0% $850‚000 Answer: The projects net present value is $670‚000 If the discount rate is 2%‚ what is the
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in projects that will maximize the value of the firm. However‚ many analyses should be made before making the decision to invest in determinant projects. The process by which the firm decides which investment is most profitable is called capital budgeting. There are different methods by which a firm can find the economic valuation for a project: net present value (NPV)‚ internal rate of return (IRR) and profitability index (PI). Even though the firm has different evaluation methods to help it decide
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decades have seen criticisms of budgeting techniques as management cost controlling systems. We have seen many writers mention about the widespread dissatisfaction with the bureaucratic exercise in cost-cutting that budgeting is accused of having become. Budgets are accused of being out of touch with the needs of the modern business and said of taking too long‚ costing too much and encouraging all sorts of perverse behaviour. However‚ it is generally accepted that budgeting is a necessary evil‚ and that
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Q.1) Explain How Macro Environmental Factor Affect International Business Product With An Example. There are many factors in the macro-environment that will affect the decisions of the managers of any organization. Tax changes‚ new laws‚ trade barriers‚ demographic change and government policy changes are all examples of macro change. To help analyze these factors managers can categories them using the PESTEL model. This classification distinguishes between: Political factors: These refer to
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Budgeting and the Planning and Control Process Learning Objectives By the end of this chapter‚ you should be able to: • Describe how the budget is a component of the planning and control process. • Explain the three components of planningmission‚ goals‚ and objectives. • Describe how performance reports relate to budgets. • List the advantages of budgeting. • Describe how budgeting is related to strategic planning. • Describe the budget administration process. INTRODUCTION Have
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The macro environment Introduction Marketing’s role is to match the capabilities and resources within the organisation with market opportunities external to the organisation. Understanding customer needs is central to achieving this aim‚ but marketers must also be aware of factors that can cause customer needs to evolve. A change in customer needs will impact upon the organisation’s ability to serve its customers. This means that marketers have to be knowledgeable about what is happening in the
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SUGI 31 Hands-on Workshops Paper 107-31 Intermediate and Advanced SAS® Macros Steven First‚ Katie Ronk‚ Systems Seminar Consultants‚ Madison‚ WI Abstract This hands-on workshop presents some intermediate-to-advanced macro topics such as macro referencing environments‚ macro interfaces (SYMGET‚ SYMPUT‚ EXECUTE‚ RESOLVE‚ PROC SQL)‚ macro quoting‚ and macro functions. Good practices and alternatives to macros are also discussed. After a short lecture‚ attendees will perform hands-on exercises
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Budget Budget is the major financial and economic statement. The role of the budget is to keep track of the money coming in and the money going out. It is essential part of running any business effectively. It can help make a short and long term projections about financial situation‚ avert a financial crisis and plan for major financial changes. The company has to be able judge its spending performance. Does not matter what type of company it is‚ the ability to measure performance using budgets
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UNIT - 1 : INTRODUCTION TO MICRO-TEACHING AND ITS NEED STRUCTURE 1. Introduction 2. Objectives 3. Defining Teaching 4. Status of Teacher Training Before Micro-teaching 5. Concept of Micro-teaching 1. Steps of Micro-teaching 2. Micro-teaching Cycle 3. Rationale of Micro-teaching Procedure 4. Phases of Micro-teaching 6. Analysis of Teaching 1. Identification of Teaching Skills 1.7 Core Teaching Skills 1.7.1 Teaching Skills
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