UNIT II- Peripherals and Interfacing PIO 8255 The parallel input-output port chip 8255 is also called as programmable peripheral input-output port. The Intel’s 8255 is designed for use with Intel’s 8-bit‚ 16-bit and higher capability microprocessors. It has 24 input/output lines which may be individually programmed in two groups of twelve lines each‚ or three groups of eight lines. The two groups of I/O pins are named as Group A and Group B. Each of these two groups contains a subgroup of eight
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Evolution of Microprocessor It is interesting to note that the microprocessor had existed for only 10 years prior to the creation of the PC! Intel invented the microprocessor in 1971; the PC was created by IBM in 1981. Now more than 20 years later‚ we are still using systems based more or less on the design of that first PC. The processors powering our PCs today are still backward compatible in many ways with the 8088 that IBM selected for the first PC in 1981. November 15‚ 2001 marked the 30th anniversary
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the cell phones in your pocket. Even things like your car‚ dishwasher‚ dvd player‚ and even TVs include some form of computers. All this would not be possible without the invention of the integrated circuit or IC. This led to the creation of the Microprocessor or CPU (central processing unit) which acts as the brain of the computer. To better help illustrate the function and need for a CPU you must go back to the first all electric computers. Now computers have a long history but modern electronic
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The Integrated Circuit: The Evolution of an Electronic Miracle The microprocessor evolved over the course of many years of research‚ and people all over the world enjoy the benefits of this electronic miracle. It is difficult to think of anything that has affected modern life more than this invention. Cellular phones‚ wristwatches‚ calculators‚ automobiles‚ stereos‚ televisions‚ and computers are just a few of the thousands of electronic devices that have a microchip at the heart of its operation
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of a computer system include keyboards‚ touch screens‚ pens‚ electronic mice‚ optical scanners‚ and so on. Processing. The central processing unit( CPU) is the main processing component of a computer system. (In microcomputers‚ it is the main microprocessor.) In particular‚ the electronic circuits of the arithmetic-logic unit one of the CPU’s major components‚ perform the arithmetic and logic functions required in computer processing. Output. The output devices of a computer system include video
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A microprocessor incorporates the functions of a computer’s central processing unit (CPU) on a single integrated circuit (IC)‚ or at most a few integrated circuits. It is a multipurpose‚ programmable device that accepts digital data as input‚ processes it according to instructions stored in its memory‚ and provides results as output. It is an example of sequential digital logic‚ as it has internal memory. Microprocessors operate on numbers and symbols represented in the binary numeral system. The
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INTEL 4004 in November‚ 1971‚ a company called Intel publicly introduced the world’s first single chip microprocessor‚ the Intel 4004 (U.S. Patent #3‚821‚715)‚ invented by Intel engineers Federico Faggin‚ Ted Hoff‚ and Stanley Mazor. After the invention of integrated circuits revolutionized computer design‚ the only place to go was down -- in size that is. The Intel 4004 chip took the integrated circuit down one step further by placing all the parts that made a computer think (i.e. central processing
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strategy to sustain competitive advantage in microprocessors Threat of Imitation: * Intel used economies of scale to counter imitation. Project Crush helped it to gain IBM’s contract for the 8088 microprocessor. * By entering into a long term relationship with Microsoft‚ which was its complementor. * R&D also resulted in Intel coming up with upgrades and new generation of chips at a rapid rate. * Intel like many other microprocessors didn’t believe in patents and copyrights as
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design things‚ store information‚ and communicate with each other. Microprocessors have shaped how computing developed through the years. The microprocessor originated back in 1971 with the Intel 4004. It was a 4 bit BCD (Binary-Coded Decimal) oriented microprocessor. It helped advance the computer industry in ways such as giving other manufacturers a baseline to work off of and some competition in the field of microprocessors. The 4004 really was the start of microprocessing in the computer industry
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to continually advance how people work and live. Founded in 1968 by Robert Noyce‚ Gordon Moore and later joined by Andy Grove‚ the company is a Silicon-Valley start-up that builds semiconductor memory chips. Intel introduced the world’s first microprocessor in 1971. Tetra Threat Analysis Sustainability is the most important segment that most companies need to pay attention to in order to stay in the race in face of tough threats like industry level performance effects and within industry performance
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