AP Biology Mid-Term Study Guide 2015 Monitha Patel Chemical Bonding Compounds Sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two or more different atoms Molecule Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds Ionic Electron attraction between two atoms Cations (+1) and Anions (-1) attract Covalent Sharing of valance electrons between atoms Nonpolar Electrons are shared equally O2 Polar Covalent Unequal sharing of electrons between atoms Two hydrogen atoms are bonded to a single oxygen
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Meiosis is a type of cell which produces male and female gametes in plants and animals. A ‘cell’ contains 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs. However‚ gametes are sperm or eggs‚ and only contain half as many chromosomes. Process by which new cells are made The process by which new cells are made is called mitosis. Mitosis is a type of cell division where one cell splits up into two new identical cells. Before
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hundred to a few thousand genes‚ the units that specify an organism’s inherited traits. Cell Cycle: Interphase (G1‚ S‚ G2) and Mitotic (M) phase (mitosis and cytokinesis). Cell spends most of their time in the G1 phase DNA is replicated during the S phase Cells divide in the Mitotic phase‚ as well as the seperation of sister chromosomes. Mitosis: review diagrams in textbook‚ genetically identical daughter cells (development‚ growth‚ asexual reproduction) G2: two chromosomes form from replication
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homologs‚ or a homologous pair. 3. Write out a general life cycle with arrows linking these terms: haploid (h)‚ diploid (2n)‚ meiosis‚ fertilization. Are the products of meiosis haploid or diploid? 4. Define sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction. How do they differ in comparing genetic traits between parent and offspring? At what points are mitosis and meiosis involved? Asexual Reproduction - The generation of offspring from a single parent that occurs without the fusion of gametes
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Generations lifecycle. Label the diagram below with the terms listed in the box Meiosis Fertilization Spores Haploid multicellular form (HF) Diploid multicellular form (DF) Zygote Embryo Gametes (egg + sperm) 1n 2n Being able to diagram the lifecycle will help you answer many questions such as… In plants through what process are spores always formed? ____________ (mitosis‚ meiosis‚ or fertilization) Plant spores are ___________. (Use either haploid or diploid)
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CHAPTER 2: CELLS Learning about disease is often simplified by growing it in a dish – some cells like heart and nerve cells however do not grow easily outside the body. Cellular reprogramming takes cell back to a state similar to stem cells and then coaxes them to specialize in a different way. Example – LEOPARD syndrome MIM 151100. Acronym for symptoms: enlarged heart w/blocked valves to the lungs‚ freckles‚ abnormal genitals‚ deafness. Skin cells taken from patients were reprogrammed to give
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* Charles Darwin Origin of species by natural selection Theory of natural selection 1. Over production More offspring are produced than can survive 2. Variation There are differences in the traits of these organisms 3. Competition 4. Best adapted survive select agent 5. Reproduce Pass on desirable traits to the next generation Organisms rarely have mutations that can allow the to better adapt to there envirironment. I. Evidence for evolution A. Fossils Remnants of organisms that
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Biology: * Chapter 1: The Cell * Cell Adhesion Molecules (C.A.M.’s) - proteins that allow cells to recognize each other and contribute to proper cell differentiation and development. * DNA→ Genes → Histones → Chromosomes (or Chromatids) * Nucleolus- synthesizes rRNA * Smooth E.R. - lipid synthesis and detox of drugs and poison * Rough E.R. – Production of proteins products * Golgi Apparatus - series of membrane bound sacs; receives materials from smooth E.R. and sends
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1. Identification of Some Macromolecules 1) What are 2 types of treatment controls‚ and explain each. Positive control: gives positive result if experimental conditions were followed correctly Negative control: gives negative result if experimental conditions were followed correctly 2) What are the most abundant elements in living material? Carbon‚ Hydrogen‚ Oxygen‚ Nitrogen‚ Sulfur and Phosphorus 3) What are the 4 major biological macromolecules? Carbohydrates (monosaccharides &
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Compare and contrast meiosis and mitosis 1. Meiosis A. Form of nuclear division that divides diploid cells into haploid cells i. Essential for sexual reproduction 2. Mitosis A. Used to repair and replace cells in all organisms i. Used for reproduction in asexually reproducing eukaryotes V. How does meiosis keep our chromosome number constant over several generations? 1. Meiosis regulates chromosomes by dividing until there is a set number of chromosomes. a. Mitosis begins after that
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