CHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF FRESHWATERS Objectives At the end of this section‚ students should be able to 1. Distinguish between freshwaters and seawater in terms of ionic composition. 2. Describe the variation of ionic composition in natural freshwaters and other inland waters. 3. Explain the factors that contribute to such variation. 4. Describe Gibbs’ model that explains the major factors contributing to variation in chemical composition of inland waters. 5. Explain
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29) The structural formulas are given for these cis or trans alkenes. (a) trans-1‚2-dichloropropane (b) cis-2-pentene (c) cis-3-hexene (d) trans-2-hexene Write the structural formula for: (a) cis-1‚2-dichloropropene (b) trans-2-pentene (c) trans-3-hexene (d) cis-2-hexene 30) In each case‚ tell whether cis and trans exist. If they do‚ write the structural formulas for two isomers and label each cis or trans‚ (a) Br2CH2 : No (b) CH3CH2CH=CHCH2CH3: Yes (c) CH3CH=CHCH3:
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Chapter 6: Chemical Bonds Section 6.1: Ionic Bonding Chemical bond: the force that holds atoms of elements and ions together to become a stable‚ new substance called a compound. -the number of valence electrons determines if an atom will form a chemical bond. -metals tend to give up electrons to other atoms. -nonmetals tend to take electrons from other atoms. -noble gases will not form a chemical bond because these atoms already have a full outer shell of energy. Ionization: the
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Naming Chemical Compounds General Information: Scientists all around the globe use a standard method for naming chemical compounds. The standards were set up by an international committee sponsored by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). Having this standard makes life easier for people who use these compounds everyday. It would be tough to set up any experiment if scientists everywhere used different names for the same compound. It would also make the lab a
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Danger: Chemical Sunscreens Sunscreen is meant to be a product designed to protect the skin from the sun. The first form of sunscreen was a red‚ petroleum jelly like substance that was mainly used to aid troops during WWII‚ it then transformed into a sort of pasty‚ white substance of zinc oxide. As the years passed and society began to evolve into one that craved sun kissed skin‚ many companies started to brainstorm in search of a new kind of sunscreen. The formula they aimed for was one that protected
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Finding the formula of Hydrated Zinc Sulphate Results Table of masses and probabilities | Mass (g) | Uncertainty (g) | Test tube | 46.94 | ±0.01 | Test tube and hydrated sample | 59.94 | ±0.01 | Hydrated sample | 13.00 | ±0.02 | Test tube and anhydrous salt | 54.15 | ±0.01 | Anhydrous sample | 7.21 | ±0.02 | Mass of water | 5.79 | ±0.04 | Calculations to find the Formula of Hydrated Zinc Sulphate * Mr of Zinc Sulphate ZnSO4 = 65 + 32 + (16 x 4) =161
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Examination of Water and Wastewater 5210 BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD)*#(1) 5220 CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (COD)*#(2) 5220 A. Introduction Chemical oxygen demand (COD) is defined as the amount of a specified oxidant that reacts with the sample under controlled conditions. The quantity of oxidant consumed is expressed in terms of its oxygen equivalence. Because of its unique chemical properties‚ the dichromate ion (Cr2O72–) is the specified oxidant in Methods Section 5220B‚ Section
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Lecture No. 1 Chemical Kinetics 1.1 The Rate of a Reaction Chemical Kinetics is the area of Chemistry that is concerned with the speed‚ rate or mechanism at which a chemical reaction occurs. Reaction Rate is the change in the concentration of a reactant or product with time (i.e. M/s). It measures how fast a reactant is consumed and how fast a product is formed. 1.2 WRITING RATE EXPRESSIONS Consider the following hypothetical reaction. A + 2B ( 3C + D Rate = - rate
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Observations of Chemical Changes Observations from Procedures Well#/ Question Chemicals Reaction A NaHCO3 and HCl-CO2 Bubbles B HCl and BTB Turns Orange C NH3 and BTB Still blue- no change D HCl and blue dye Turns green E Blue dye and NaOCl Stays blue – no change F NaOCl and KI Turns pale orange/yellow G KI and Pb(NO3)2 Milky yellow solid H NaOH and phenolphthalein Turns bright pink I HCl and phenolphthalein Bubbles- cloudy J NaOH and AgNO3 Solid formed/ turned brown K AgNO3 and NH3 No change
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ZYCHOL CHEMICAL CORPORATION: ------------------------------------------------- Bob Richard‚ the production manager of Zychol Chemicals‚ in Houston‚ Texas‚ is preparing his quarterly report‚ which is to include a productivity analysis for his department. One of the inputs is production data prepared by Sharoaton Walford‚ his operation analyst. The report which she gave him this morning showed the following; ------------------------------------------------- ZYCHOL CHEMICAL CORPORATION -------------------------------------------------
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