1a) In the normal immune system‚ describe two features of self-tolerance as applied to T cells and B cells (ie. central tolerance‚ peripheral tolerance‚ suppression‚ anergy‚ etc.). Central tolerance is the process which occurs in the primary lymphoid organs of the thymus for T cells and the bone marrow for B cells‚ where B and T cells which recognize and react to self-antigens are destroyed‚ through apoptosis (McCance & Huether‚ 2014). The process were a B or T cell reacts to self-antigen is called
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Acne Vulgaris is a disease of the epidermal pilosebaceous follicles involving inflammatory and non-inflammatory clinical lesions in the skin. The multifactorial pathogenesis of acne includes sebum‚ ductal epidermal hyperproliferation‚ colonization of Proprionibacterium acnes and inflammation . Research has shown‚ P. acnes is not the cause of Acne Vulgaris‚ but is a significant contributing factor to the inflammation stage of this disease . Sebum secretion upsurge‚ during times such as puberty‚
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Allergic rhinitis is a common condition that causes symptoms such as sneezing‚ stuffy nose‚ runny nose‚ watery eyes‚ itching of the eyes or the roof of the mouth. It affects 30 to 40% of the people living in the United States and rising. It is usually caused by pollens from plants‚ especially in the spring time when flowers are in full bloom. Pollen contains allergens which‚ by definition‚ are proteins that can trigger Th2 responses which produce high levels of IgE‚ also known as hypersensitivity
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The innate immune system is referred to as the first line in host defense against invading pathogens and preserve host integrity [1]. Of them the innate immune cells have sensors such as macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) detect molecular components of foreign microorgan¬isms known as pathogen-associated molecule patterns (PAMPs) through PRRs. Its highly developed ability to recognize microbial patterns and host derived danger signals relies on so-called PRRs‚ especially on the TLRs‚ RLRs and
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Mallory Molony PSYC 460- Extra Credit Dr. Coleman April 3‚ 2013 The effects of daily stress over a period of one year has precise effects on one’s physiological responses‚ especially regarding one’s nervous‚ endocrine‚ and immune system. The nervous system acts as a “flight or fight” response in the presence of stress. The body will either subconsciously flee from the stressful situation or stay and put up a front and try to manage the stress. These responses are quick and are known as emergency
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1) What is the significance of infection with MTB? The significance of infection with MTB is that MTB attacks antigen-presenting cells‚ resulting in decreased MHC II antigen presentation. In order to find out whether MHC II is expressed on antigen-presenting cells‚ mice were infected with GFP(-) cells that were expressing BCG through aerosol infection. 2) From the introduction of the paper‚ how does MTB evade the immune system? MTB evades the immune system by invading macrophages. These
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Alcohol consumption should be banned A dizzying array of research suggests alcohol can have both good and bad effects‚ but making sense of such studies all comes down to preaching about the evil effects of alcohol and the substantial impact on our health. Alcohol is more than just an ordinary beverage. Alcohol’s consequences weigh more than any of its positives. This debate points out few of the reasons as to why alcohol should be banned. Firstly‚ alcohol should be illegal because it is just
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There has been extensive research into the link between stress and the immune system that shows that the link is indeed very strong with a positive correlation. The research is seen in the general adaptation syndrome‚ Stone’s experiment on stressful events and the links to symptoms‚ Cohen et al experiment on the common cold‚ and Keicolt Glaser who looked into immune function. Stress has been found to suppress the immune system allowing people to contract disease far faster than a person with less
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The human body has eleven main body systems. They are groups of bodily organs coming together to keep the human body going; they can perform one or more functions. The eleven body systems consist of the skeletal system‚ muscular system‚ nervous system‚ circulatory system‚ immune system‚ endocrine system‚ digestive system‚ excretory system‚ respiratory system‚ integumentary system‚ and the reproductive system. The skeletal system is the foundation to the body containing 206 bones and movable and
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What is a CD4 cell or T-cell? CD4 cells or T-cells are the “generals” of the human immune system. These are the cells that send signals to activate your body’s immune response when they detect “intruders‚” like viruses or bacteria. Because of the important role these cells play in how your body fights off infections‚ it’s important to keep their numbers up in the normal ranges. This helps to prevent HIV-related complications and opportunistic infections. For more information‚ see the National Cancer
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