Medicine and Disease Study Questions 1-10 1. Describe the role of the macrophage in the immune response. They are known as the vulture cells randomly engulf and destroy bacteria‚ cell debris or foreign matter. 2. State the origin and purpose of lymphocytes. The immune cells‚ or lymphocytes as well as macrophages provide the specific mechanism for the identification and removal of foreign material. Natural killer cells are lymphocytes distinct from the T and B lymphocytes. They destroy
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Another target might be the toxins secreted by some of the Enterobacteriaceae. Fig.1 Neutralization of antigens by antibodies Our immune system can normally neutralize these antibodies by neutralization.
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Unit B1‚ B1.1 Mark scheme Keeping healthy 1. (i) or (ii) the loop is sterilised accept to kill anything on the loop to kill any bacteria on it; do not credit to clean the loop if hot it would kill bacteria picked up (from culture); accept ‘microorganisms’ or ‘microbes’ accept entry of contaminated air but reject entry of air unqualified to prevent entry (from the air) of unwanted bacteria or bacterial spores or fungal spores; accept so can’t breath on it; accept ‘microorganisms’ or ‘microbes’
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animal is born with one’s innate resistance against certain pathogen. At present‚ all immune systems require contact with antigens‚ and they acquire immunity accordingly‚ which is viewed as an outdated concept. There are three possible cases : 1.The antibodies of the parent are transmitted to their fetus through the placenta or colostrum‚ and the infant is also referred to as a passive immunity. 2.A pathogen that is toxic to other species of animals is harmless to any animal‚ for example‚ a human distemper
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Human bloods have differences precisely to the presence or absence of certain protein molecules called antigens and antibodies. The antigens can be found on the surface of red blood cells and the antibodies are in the blood plasma. Individuals have different types and combination of these molecules. Blood group is like a trait which we inherit to our parents. The blood group you belong depends on what you have inherited from your parents. There are three types of antigens: A antigen‚ B antigen
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Intracellular free calcium levels: Intracellular free calcium levels were estimated according to the method of Luo and Shi (Luo and Shi‚ 2005). Briefly‚ hippocampi were isolated from mice brains and subjected to hippocampal cells isolation as described later. The cells obtained were incubated with Fura-2 AM at 37°C with gentle shaking. The fura-2 loaded suspension was centrifuged for 10 minutes‚ pellet was washed once with Ca2+-free buffer and was centrifuged again. Aliquots of the washed suspension
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substances inside the wells‚ that would interfere with the experiment. When we added the primary antibody to the well‚ and it contained the antigen‚ then the primary antibody would bind to the antigen‚ and if the sample did not contain the antigen‚ then the primary antibody could not bind to the antigen. But in both these situations‚ there would be no color changing reaction‚ because the secondary antibody was added and couldn’t bind to the enzyme substrate‚ which causes the blue color changing reaction
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1.‚1.5 Activity 1.1.5: ELISA Name _______________________Per_____ | Summarize the steps you took to conduct the ELISA test. Conclusion 1. Explain why antibodies allow scientists to target and identify specific disease agents. * * * * * * 2. Why is the secondary antibody used in an ELISA test conjugated with an enzyme? What happens when this enzyme meets up with its substrate? * * * * * 3. Disease samples from two patients
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immunity/adaptive immunity and discuss their role in host defenses 3. Describe the characteristics of antigens 4. Describe the differences in the way T cells and B cells recognize antigens 5. Describe the structure of the five classes of antibody molecules 6. Compare the role of the primary and secondary lymphoid tissue. 7. Describe the process of Phagocytosis 8. Define the term “Titer”. 9. Describe the principles of agglutination and precipitation. 10. Perform the following
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They recognise the same protein that activated T cells. B cells produce antibodies that are the same as T cell receptors as they precisely recognise the protein belonging to the pathogen. The antibodies are then released from the B cells into the blood. They will then meet the pathogen and attach themselves onto it. Killer T cells activate as well if the pathogen is a virus. This enables
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