FORMS OF INDUSTRIAL ORGANIZATION Forms of Industrial Organization Forms of Industrial Organization Introduction According to McConnell and Brue “Economists group industries into four distinct market structures: pure competition‚ pure monopoly‚ monopolistic competition‚ and oligopoly. These four market models differ in several respects: the number of firms in the industry‚ whether those firms produce a standardized product or try to differentiate their products from those of other firms
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marketing fairly on the internet. Antitrust and monopoly laws have been implemented to stop the spread of unfair business practices‚ but with the birth of social networking‚ a new responsibility for the FCC has arisen. In order to analyze these aspects‚ one must be familiar with antitrust and monopoly law and how it has been grounded in American law since the inception of the Sherman Act. The purpose of this paper is to discuss how antitrust and monopoly law has affected businesses from a marketing/advertising
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produces a good that is differentiated from that of rival firms. Monopoly profits rarely go uncontested. A firm making high profits normally attracts competitors. Thus situations of pure monopoly are rare in practice. Instead‚ the usual market structure in industries characterized by internal economies of scale is one of oligopoly‚ in which several firms are each large enough to affect prices‚ but none has an uncontested monopoly. The
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decisions.” Furthermore‚ given that Oligopolistic firms are few‚ they are interdependent of each other and can either be collusive or noncollusive. It is this interdependence amongst the firms that distinguish them as an oligopoly vice a competitive monopoly. Target and Costco are considered to be Wal-Mart’s competition because they offer similar products and services to their customers. Through personal experience this writer and his family members typically compare the quality of the item‚ to the
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5 firm concentration ratio of 65% means that the 5 largest firms have more 65% of market sales. If the concentration ratio increased‚ then 1 or 2 firms may start to dominate the market and the firms will be able to exercise Monopoly power. (in UK legal definition of a monopoly is a firm with more than 25%) This is likely to cause many different types of inefficiencies In the above diagram the firm maximises profit where MR=MC at output Qm. This output is allocative inefficient because P > MC.
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Alternative theories to profit maximization ranging from perfect competition to strict monopolies. Companies and The Market Most companies are profit oriented. Companies survive and live on profit. Even governmental institutions‚ NGO’s and NPO’s are profit oriented‚ what they do with profit is different though. Saying this means that companies seek always to be at a position where profit is maximized. As we know by now this happens when MC=MR but this is an always changing point as supply and
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a marketplace fairly competitive? We quote the generally accepted definitions of oligopolies and monopolies in part one of this article series. Basically‚ any time four (or sometimes more; and of course‚ definitely if fewer) companies have 50% or more of a market‚ this is probably an oligopoly‚ and if these four (or fewer) companies control more than 80% of the market‚ it is most likely a monopoly (even though more than one company is present). US market statistics So how do the US airlines stack
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Perfect competition is rare in the real world‚ but the model is important because it helps analyze industries with characteristics similar to pure competition. This model provides a context in which to apply revenue and cost concepts developed in the previous lecture. Examples of this model are stock market and agricultural industries. Perfect competition describes a marketplace that no one participant can set the market price of an exchangeable product. This is generally considered an ideal‚ rarely
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together act as a monopoly. Collaboration When two or more oligopolies agree to fix prices or take part in anti-competitive behavior‚ they form a collusive oligopoly. They agreement can be formal or informal. A formal agreement is a cartel and is generally illegal. OPEC is a legal cartel but it’s signed between countries and not firms. In an informal agreement‚ the firms behave as a monopoly and choose the output that maximizes output. The diagram would be like the monopoly profit maximizer
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Microsoft Antitrust Case Did Microsoft violated the Antitrust Law? Microsoft Antitrust Case Introduction: Microsoft was formed in 1975 by a university drop out in his junior year called Bill Gates. Bill Gates has been successful to achieve the company’s vision‚ “we want PC on every desk in every home and office”. Microsoft which is a massive company today was only a small company in 1983. It headquarters contained only a small building next to the Burgermaster in Bellevue and another
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