From traditional budget planning to zero-based budgeting (Relevant to PBE Paper II: Management Accounting and Finance) Dr Fong Chun Cheong‚ Steve‚ School of Business‚ Macao Polytechnic Institute Introduction A budget is an important financial plan that incorporates a systematic analysis and interpretation of financial forecasts in terms of products‚ markets and the application of resources. It requires managers to plan. It needs operational and financial resources information for decision making
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Chapter 01 : INTRODUCTION TO P & O MGMT Concept of Production Production : * A crucial function in any organisation * Transformation of a range of inputs into the planned outputs ( goods or services ) meeting laid down quality standards * Step-by-step conversion of one form of material into another form through chemical or mechanical process to enhance the utility of the product to the end users. * Value addition process at each stage * A process by which “goods and
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GRAAD 12 NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE GRADE 12 ACCOUNTING FEBRUARY/MARCH 2011 MARKS: 300 TIME: 3 hours This question paper consists of 19 pages and an answer book of 16 pages. Copyright reserved Please turn over Accounting 2 NSC DBE/Feb. – Mar. 2011 INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION Read the following instructions carefully and follow them precisely. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Answer ALL the questions. A special ANSWER BOOK is provided in which to answer ALL the questions. Workings
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· What is a flexible budget? A flexible budget is a budget that is a function of one or more levels of activities. The flexible budget is more intricate and useful than a normal budget‚ which remains at one amount regardless of the volume of the activities. · What are the steps to developing a flexible budget? The steps taken to develop a flexible budget are as follow: • Identify the activity index and the relevant range of activity. • Identify the variable costs
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ACT202 Coursework: Budgeting Deadline: Final Week of the semester Hillyard Company‚ an office supplies specialty store‚ prepares its master budget on a quarterly basis. The following data have been assembled to assist in preparing the master budget for the first quarter: a. As of December 31‚ 2011 (the end of the prior quarter)‚ the company’s general ledger showed the following account balances: DEBIT CREDIT $ $ Cash 48‚000 Accounts receivable 224‚000 Finished goods Inventory (1000 units) 60‚000
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The Production of Speech Sounds How can we produce speech? In this section we will study the production of speech sounds from an articulatory point of view in order to understand better subsequent sections about vowel and consonant sounds. It must be said that speech does not start in the lungs. It starts in the brain and it is‚ then‚ studied by Psycholinguistics. After the creation of the message and the lexico-grammatical structure in our mind‚ we need a representation of the sound sequence
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CHAPTER I 1.1 INTRODUCTION Budget and budgetary control practices are undeniably indispensable as organizations routinely go about their business activities and operations. These organizations are constantly on the alert on how actual levels of performance agree with planned or budgeted performance. A budget expresses a plan in monetary terms. It is prepared and approved prior to a particular budgeted period and explicitly may show the income‚ expenditure and the capital to be employed by organizations
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directly to the production of chocolate. Chocolate production starts with harvesting coca in a forest. Cocoa comes from tropical evergreen Cocoa trees‚ such as Theobroma Cocoa. Cocoa needs to be harvested manually(вручную) in the forest. The seed pods(семена) of coca will first be collected; the beans will be selected and placed in piles(сваи). These cocoa beans will then be ready to be shipped to the manufacturer for mass production. Step #1: Roasting and Winnowing the Cocoa The first thing that chocolate
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The Continental Congress adopted the Articles of Confederation‚ the first constitution of the United States‚ on November 15‚ 1777. However‚ ratification of the Articles of Confederation by all thirteen states did not occur until March 1‚ 1781. The Articles created a loose confederation of sovereign states and a weak government‚ leaving most of the power within the state governments. The need for a stronger Federal government soon became apparent and eventually led to the Constitutional Convention
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Methods of production Production methods fall into three main categories; however‚ all production methods can be assisted with CAM and CAD equipment (Computer Aided Manufacture and Computer Aided Design – respectively). 1. Job Production and Prototype Production Job Production is used when a product is produced with the labor of one or few workers and is scarcely used for bulk and large scale production. It is mainly used for one-off products or prototypes‚ as it is inefficient; however‚ quality
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