ON THE ECONOMICS OF ORGANIZED CRIME By Vimal Kumar and Stergios Skaperdas Department of Economics University of California‚ Irvine Irvine‚ CA 92697 Revised: February 13‚ 2008 Prepared for inclusion in: Garoupa‚ Nuno (ed.)‚ Criminal Law and Economics ABSTRACT: The core function of organized crime is the selling of protection. Protection can be real‚ against third-party crime‚ or manufactured by the organized crime groups themselves. Mafias and gangs emerge in areas of weak state control‚ because
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Crime at its simplest is an act prohibited by law upon pain of punishment (Hall-Williams 1964). Theorists such as McCabe (1983:49) stated that no word in legal and criminological terms could define the word crime for the varying content in which an act is categorised. Due to the broad spectrum surrounding crime‚ differing understandings about human subjects and premises lead to the development of several theories‚ assumptions and forms of criminal law. Michael and Adler (1933:2) are often cited
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Over 400 quite some time ago‚ Voltaire said‚ “common sense is not so common”. Unfortunately the same could be said today about many organizations that neglect to utilize good old-fashioned horse sense when it comes to reducing worker turnover. The truth is – aside from outside investment constrains such as the unemployment rate or those mass migration from claiming boomers of those particular occupation business sector – two Realities remain: 1. High worker turnover is preventable 2. Organizations
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Introduction Historical context Punishment was the central criminal law philosophy in English common law. A conclusive presumption that children under seven could not form criminal intent eliminated the youngest from the criminal justice system. Children between the ages of seven and fourteen were presumed incompetent to form the requisite criminal intent; the prosecutor‚ however‚ could rebut that presumption by demonstrating that the child knew the difference between right and wrong. Children
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“Tragedy of the Commons” The theory behind the “tragedy of the commons” is important to understand the destruction of our environment and to avoid this‚ we‚ as citizens of this planet‚ must change our moral values and human ideologies. There is no technical solution to solve this problem. We can avoid “tragedy” only by changing the way we live. The tragedy of the commons is explained through an example of herdsmen being able to own as much cattle as possible‚ which results in herdsman wanting
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The common cold has been plaguing humankind since the beginning of human existence. Even in these advanced times‚ there is no vaccine or cure. There are many symptoms that accompany the common cold. Some of these infamous symptoms are a runny nose‚ caused by inflammation of the nasal tissues‚ resulting in over production of mucus to trap the virus‚ and coughing. there are two different kinds or types of coughs that are common with colds. The first‚ is the less common dry hacking cough‚ these kinds
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in Preventing and Reducing the Criminal Offences in Kuala Lumpur‚ Malaysia. Crime has always becoming a major issue in Malaysia. Crime statistics compiled by Habibullah and Baharom in 2008 showed that the crime rates in Malaysia in the last three decades (1973-2003) rose between 1 to 8% per year. Things are getting worst if none of the party was taking action in curbing this problem. Individual’s role is the most significant way in preventing and reducing the criminal offences in Kuala Lumpur
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Sexual violence is defined as forceful sexual acts committed against another person’s will or without their consent (Keogh‚ 2012). Juveniles do not become sexually violent overnight; most youths experience some type of traumatic experience that can have a negative influence on how they development (Rasmussen‚ Lev-Wiesel‚ Eisikovits‚ 2013). A juvenile that is sexually violent towards other minors are seeking power and control and have more sexual knowledge than the average child (Righthand‚ Welch
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TERMS ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 5 * JUVENILE * JUVENILE COURT * JUVENILE SENTENCING * BIASES IN JUVENILE SENTENCING CHAPTER THREE: PRE-REQUISITES REQUIREMENTS TO JUVENILE OFFENDERS TRIAL ……………………………… 6 * CONSIDERATION FOR JUVENILES BY COURT * POWERS OF THE JUVENILE COURT CHAPTER FOUR: BIASES IN JUVENILE SENTENCING ……………………………………………………………………………. 7-8 * GENDER BIAS * SYSTEM BIAS * DUE PROCESS &THE JUVENILE DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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"All men have crimes‚ and most of them are hidden". Do you agree with this statement? As a matter of fact‚ in this modernization and globalization era‚ many people go against the laws to commit the immoral activities such as kidnapping‚ murdering and drug dealing because they are self-centered and they do not care about others’ feeling. Why do people commit crime? Normally‚ people commit crimes because that is what they want to do. Criminal behaviour is a matter of choices. Today‚ there are many
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