Chapter 1 An Introduction to the Human Body Anatomy – science of body structures and relationships among structures Physiology – science of body functions SIX LEVELS OF BODY ORGANIZATION (Given in order smallest to largest) Chemical level a. atoms – smallest unit of matter that participates in chemical reaction b. molecules – two or more atoms joined together c. Several atoms are essential for life: Carbon‚ Hydrogen‚ Oxygen‚ Nitrogen‚ Phosphorus‚ Calcium‚ Sulfur d. Examples of biological
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SHORT-TERM or ACUTE PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO EXERCISE: Body Temperature η (Increase) ♣ Working muscles produce heat ♣ Harder and faster = more heat. ♣ Blood transports heat to all parts of the body = warm-up ♣ Body quickly heats up and will overheat – response is to send blood to skin surface for cooling and to produce sweat. ♣ Moisture on the skin cools the body quickly (25x faster than air). ♣ (This why when you get out of the water at the beach or pool – you get cold quickly). ♣ This
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7. What is meant by excitation-contraction coupling? 8. What are the parts of the skeletal muscle triad and what are their functions? 9. Explain the cross bridge cycle‚ and why a filaments do not slide back to their original position when a myosin cross bridge detaches from actin. 10. Discuss the roles of calcium in skeletal muscle contraction. 11. What causes rigor mortis? 12. Define a motor unit. 13. Define muscle twitch‚ what are the three phases seen in a twitch diagram
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Levalbuterol‚ brand name XopenexⓇ‚ is classified as a beta-2 agonist that acts as a bronchodilator that relaxes the muscles in the airways and increase airflow to the lungs in patients with reversible obstructive airway disease for example asthma. XopenexⓇ is a product of by Sunovion Pharmaceuticals Inc. and was first approved for clinical use on March 11‚ 2005. Beta-2 agonists have undergone some changes in the formation of levalbuterol and albuterol which been successful in the treatment of reversible
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Bones in our body are living tissue. They have their own blood vessels and are made of living cells‚ which help them to grow and to repair themselves. Every single person has a skeleton made up of many bones. These bones give your body structure‚ let you move in many ways‚ protect your internal organs‚ and more. As well‚ proteins‚ minerals and vitamins make up the bone. Bones have several parts‚ but are manily made out of calcium deposits. It takes around 20 years for our bones to completely
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the chromosomes decondense‚ spindle disassembly‚ nuclear envelope reformation‚ the Golgi apparatus and E.R. reform and the nucleus also reforms. Cytokinesis effects are that the cell still divides for animal cells a cleavage furrow made of actin and myosin II constricts the middle of the cell and in plants the phragmoplast forms at the equator of the spindles where a new cell wall forms 2. Using Taxol which affects the spindle formation the cell would have already undergone metaphase and anaphase
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Week 2 Reading Summary : Chap 1-3 Chapter 1 Anatomy: studies the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another. Can be seen‚ felt‚ examined. Physiology: concerns the function of the body in other words‚ how the body parts work and carry out their life-sustaining activities Complementary of structure and function Function reflect structure‚ what a structure can do depends on is specific form Levels of structural organization: Cells – smallest living unit
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Sample essays and suggested plans for content 1. The process of diffusion and its importance in living organisms Definition Fick’s Law Types of diffusion e.g. Facilitated diffusion‚ osmosis Gas exchange in unicells‚ fish‚ mammals and plants Digestion and absorption of products Exchange of materials between blood in capillaries and tissues e.g. placenta Transpiration‚ root pressure‚ water and ion uptake by roots Translocation and mass flow hypothesis Osmoregulation by blood and kidney‚ unicells
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INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM FUNCTIONS 1. Covering and protection 2. Secretion (cutaneous gland) 3. Excretion of metabolic wastes (cutaneous gland) 4. Sensation (presence of nerve endings and tacticle) 5. Respiration – in frog 6. Absorption – in frog 7. Regulation of body temperature HOMOIOTHERMOUS ANIMALS- warm blooded animals or those with regulated body temperature because of their heat-conserving body. POIKILOTHERMOUS ANIMALS - cold blooded animals whose body temperature closely follows
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Mechanism of Action of Drugs Affecting The Cardiovascular System 1) Antihypertensive Drugs: ➢ Diuretics ➢ (-Blockers ➢ ACE Inhibitors ➢ Angiotensin II-Receptor Antagonists ➢ Renin Inhibitors ➢ Calcium Channel Blockers ➢ (-Blockers 2) Antianginal Drugs ➢ Organic Nitrates ➢ (-Blockers ➢ Calcium Channel Blockers 3) Drug Treatment of Heart Failure
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