alkyl halides can be performed from a variety of starting materials and specific mechanisms: from alkenes by addition‚ from alkanes by substitution‚ and from alcohols via nucleophilic substitution. The reaction of alcohols with hydrogen halides‚ like HCl‚ HBr‚ and HI‚ would result to their corresponding alkyl halides and water. The formation of alkyl halides has different mechanisms‚ depending on the alcohol used for the synthesis. Tertiary alcohols react with hydrogen halides faster compared to the
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Table 1. Chemical Reactions. Well Chemical #1 (4 drops) Chemical #2 (4 drops) Observations: Chemical Change (Y/N) A1 NaHCO3 Sodium Bicarbonate HCl Hydrochloric Acid A2 NaOCl Sodium Hypochlorite KI Potassium Iodide Observation 1: + Add 2 drops of starch Observation 2: A3 KI Potassium Iodide Pb(NO3)2 Lead Nitrate A4 NaOH Sodium Hydroxide C20H14O4 Phenolphthalein A5 HCl Hydrochloric Acid C20H14O4 Phenolphthalein A6 NaOH Sodium Hydroxide AgNO3 Silver Nitrate B1 AgNO3 Silver Nitrate NH4OH
Free Chemical reaction Hydrochloric acid Sodium bicarbonate
Studying the pH of Strong Acid‚ Weak Acid‚ Salt‚ and Buffer Solutions The purpose of the current experiment was to determine the pH of various hydrochloric acid and acetic acid solutions‚ to determine the pH of various salt solutions‚ to prepare a buffer solution‚ and determine the effects of adding a strong acid and strong base to the buffer solution versus adding a strong acid and strong base to water. The measured pHs for the hydrochloric acid solutions were 1.6‚ 2.2‚ 2.9‚ and 3.8. The measured
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Assess the use of neutralization reactions to minimize damage in accidents or chemicals Look at relationships and the Weigh up two different situations (positives and negatives) Use of neutralization vs other methods such as copius amounts of water Positive effects of using neutralization vs negative effects Positive effects of using alternative methods versis negative effects Finally state your judgement or conclusion A neutralisation reaction is an exothermic chemical reaction involving
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Selective permeability Materials Ammonia solution‚ NH3 ‚ 0.01 M Beaker‚ 100-mL Hydrochloric acid solution‚ HCl‚ 0.01 M Filter paper Neutral red solution‚ 0.02% Funnel Potassium hydroxide solution‚ KOH‚ 0.01 M Graduated cylinder‚ 25-mL Sodium bicarbonate solution‚ NaHCO3 ‚ 1% Pipets or droppers Sodium hydroxide solution‚ NaOH‚ 0.01 M Test tubes‚ 13 × 100 mm Yeast‚ suspended in 1% NaHCO3 solution Water bath Safety Precautions Dilute acids and bases are skin and eye irritants; they are slightly
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Hydrogen Producing Bacteria was incubated in a complete - mix digester with work volume 1.7 L‚ seeded with sludge obtained from the local sewage treatment plant. Each liter of feed medium was composed of the following : 7 g of glucose‚ 1 g NaHCO3 ‚ 500 mg of NH4Cl ‚ 250 mg KH2PO4 ‚ 250 mg K2HPO4 ‚ 320 mg of MgSO4 • 7H2O ‚ 50 mg of FeCl 3 ‚ NiSO4 32 mg ‚ 50 mg CaCl2‚ Na2BO7 7.2 mg H2O ‚ 14.4 mg (NH4) 6MO7O24 H2O ‚ 23 mg of ZnCl2 ‚ 21 mg CoCl2 H2O ‚ 10 mg CuCl2•2H2O and 30 mg of MnCl2•4H2O . The reaction
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acid and a few drops of conc. sulphuric acid. Pour into water. | (i) Litmus turns red and a white precipitate with silver nitrate(aq) (drop on end of glass rod)‚ if the mixture is poured into water you may detect a ’pleasant’ ester odour‚ can test for HCl but water and amines produce it too!(ii) as for (1) but no ester smell!(iii) You should get a ’pleasant’ characteristic smell of an ester. | (i) R-OH + CH3COCl ==> CH3COOR + HClAn ester and hydrogen chloride are formed(ii) R-OH + PCl5 ==> R-Cl + POCl3 + HCla
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-1Determination of an Unknown Liquid (2-butanol) Through Fundamental Analysis Lee Billips Department of Chemistry‚ Shippensburg University‚ 1871 Old Main Drive. Shippensburg‚ PA‚ 17257. Abstract: The identification and characterization of unknowns are an important part of organic chemistry. It is fundamental to know experimental methods to deductively identify compounds (1) . The determination of unknown #6 (2-butanol) was identified by a series of test; first taking the boiling point (94-96
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immediately in vacuo. The residue is treated with 200 ml of an 8% aqueous solution of KOH and the mixture heated on a steam bath for one hour. A stream of nitrogen gas is passed through the flask during heating and the evolved NH3 gas may be titrated is HCl to follow the reaction. The alkaline solution is made neutral to congo red with tartaric acid‚ filtered‚ cleaned by extraction with ether‚ the aqueous solution filtered and evaporated. Digest with MeOH to remove some of the coloured material from the
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CH3COONa CH3COOH (aq) H+ (aq) + CH3COO- (aq) Adding more acid creates a shift left IF enough acetate ions are present 16.3 Which of the following are buffer systems? (a) KF/HF (b) KCl/HCl‚ c) Na2CO3/NaHCO3 (a) KF is a weak acid and F- is its conjugate base buffer solution (b) HCl is a strong acid not a buffer solution (c) CO32- is a weak base and HCO3- is it conjugate acid buffer solution 16.3 Buffers • are solutions that have the property of resisting changes in
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