a net attractive force between the atoms ... a chemical bond. The two extreme cases of chemical bonds are: Covalent Bonds Covalent chemical bonds involve the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms‚ in contrast to the transfer of electrons in ionic bonds. Such bonds lead to stable molecules if they share electrons in such a way as to create a noble gas configuration for each atom. Hydrogen gas forms the simplest covalent bond in the diatomic hydrogen molecule. The halogens such as
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Abacus Inc. has asked you price a 5 year bullet bond issue for them‚ with Price‚ Yield to Maturity and Modified Duration. There are no comparable existing issues in the secondary market either by Abacus or a competitor and so you will need to price the issue from scratch. You have the following set of US Treasury bond data and consultations with your Bank Equity Analyst and Debt Analyst suggest that a Z-spread for Abacus of 200 bps over Treasuries and a coupon rate of 6.5% should be appropriate
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Catastrophe Bonds By Kirill Graminschi The trouble with Catastrophe Bonds The article presents the difficulties insurance companies face when they are issuing catastrophe bonds. Do they efficiently hedge against large-scale disasters? It is very difficult hedging against catastrophic losses. Japan’s March earthquake‚ tsunami and nuclear disaster threat could cost the insurance industry between $21 and $34 billion. The catastrophe bonds are not helping much the insurance companies‚ although
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Overview: an introduction to U.S. Steel J.P. Morgan and Elbert H. Gary founded Pittsburgh-based steel company United States Steel Corporation in 1901.1 By combining Gary’s Federal Steel Company with steel operations owned by businessman Andrew Carnegie and several other smaller companies‚ U.S. Steel effectively became the world’s first billion-dollar corporation.2 With a two-thirds share in the market industry‚ U.S. Steel emerged as one of the premier companies in the world economy. Perhaps its
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Topic: Privatization of Pakistan Steel Mills Subject: Pakistan Economic Policy Submitted By: M. Faizan Sohail (7133) Faculty: Shahid Iqbal Date of Submission: 12th August 2010 Pakistan Steel Mills Introduction: Pakistan Steel Mills is the producer of long rolled steel products in Karachi‚ Pakistan. The Pakistan Steel Mill is the country ’s largest industrial undertaking having a production capacity of 1.1 million tons of steel. The enormous dimensions of the project can be visualized
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------[Pay attention to the deadline announced via LMES system] 100 marks total Part I: Multiple Choice Questions. Choose the best answer. (10 marks‚ 2 marks each) 1. The money demand curve will shift to the left when which of the following occurs? a. a reduction in the interest rate b. an increase in the interest rate c. an open market sale of bonds by the central bank d. an increase in income e. none of the above 2. At
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equity capital or borrowed money. To economist- capital would be all productive assets used in the business excluding non-productive assets Capitalization- refers to the sum of the face or par value of all outstanding stocks and bonds issued by the corporation. In case of no par value stocks the value carried in the balance sheet will be used. This can be computed by adding to the capital stock all bonded indebtedness issued by the corporation. Un-issued capital stock – this is a portion of the
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1.0 INTRODUCTION: AISI 304L austenitic stainless steel is widely used as engineering materials due to its high strength and good corrosion resistance properties. However‚ AISI 304L stainless steel undergoes extensive wear and erosion when applied as components in aggressive environments such as petro- chemical and marine atmosphere [1]. Solid particle erosion is defined as the progressive loss of material from a solid surface due to mechanical interaction between the surface and some fluid entrained
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Pay It Forward (film) Pay It Forward is a 2000 American drama film based on the novel of the same name by Catherine Ryan Hyde. It was directed byMimi Leder and written by Leslie Dixon. It stars Haley Joel Osment as a boy who launches a good-will movement‚ Helen Hunt as his single mother‚ and Kevin Spacey as his social-studies teacher. Plot When eleven and a half year old Trevor McKinney (Haley Joel Osment) begins seventh grade in Las Vegas‚ Nevada‚ his social studies teacher Eugene Simonet (Kevin
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Covalent Bonds Covalent bonds are formed when atoms share electrons‚ one from each atom in a single bond‚ to form electron pairs‚ usually making their outermost shells up to eight electrons by this means. This would make them more stable‚ less reactive and an electronic structure like a noble gas. They are most frequently formed between pairs of non-metallic elements. Non-metallic elements usually have from four to eight electrons in their outermost shells‚ the so-called valency electrons‚ which
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