IT433 Data Warehousing and Data Mining — Data Preprocessing — 1 Data Preprocessing • Why preprocess the data? • Descriptive data summarization • Data cleaning • Data integration and transformation • Data reduction • Discretization and concept hierarchy generation • Summary 2 Why Data Preprocessing? • Data in the real world is dirty – incomplete: lacking attribute values‚ lacking certain attributes of interest‚ or containing only aggregate data • e.g.‚ occupation=“ ”
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ability to revive hope into an entire nation. A nation of people whom before‚ knew only hatred and fear toward their counterparts. A nation working toward an equal and peaceful future. My mind can not comprehend the confidence South Africans have in Nelson Mandela; how one nation can rally behind one person. “ We understand it still that there is no easy road to freedom.” Mandela is aware the journey will not come easily. The goals of peace‚ equality and justice are on our doorstep; we must work as
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Nelson Mandela in his book‚ Long Walk to Freedom argues through the first five parts that a black individual must deal‚ coop‚ and grow through a society that is hindering their lives’ with apartheid and suppression of their rightful land. Rolihlanla Mphakanyiswa or clan name‚ Madiba was born on July 18‚ 1918 in a simple village of Mvezo‚ which was not accustomed to the happenings of South Africa as a whole. His father was an respected man who led a good life‚ but lost it because of a dispute
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Data warehousing is the process of collecting data in raw form for analyzing trends. The benefits to data warehousing are improved end-user access‚ increased data consistency‚ various kinds of reports can be made from the data collected‚ gather the data in a common place from separate sources and additional documentation of data. Potential lower computing costs‚ increased productivity‚ end-users can query the database without using overhead of the operational systems and creates an infrastructure
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project. In primary data collection‚ we collect the data ourselves by using methods such as interviews and questionnaires. The key point here is that the data we collect is unique to us and our research and‚ until we publish‚ no one else has access to it. There are many methods of collecting primary data and the main methods include: • QUESTIONNAIRES • INTERVIEWS • FOCUS GROUP INTERVIEWS • SURVYES • OBSERVATION • DIARIES • ANALYSING THE DATA The primary data‚ which is generated by
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Data Mining: What is Data Mining? Overview Generally‚ data mining (sometimes called data or knowledge discovery) is the process of analyzing data from different perspectives and summarizing it into useful information - information that can be used to increase revenue‚ cuts costs‚ or both. Data mining software is one of a number of analytical tools for analyzing data. It allows users to analyze data from many different dimensions or angles‚ categorize it‚ and summarize the relationships identified
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Manifesto Released the leader of the African National Congress. People of South Africa‚ today‚ 11 February 1990‚ we are assisting an enormous mistake made by our government‚ Nelson Mandela has been released after 27 years of imprisonment‚ after all the effort done to calm the rebellion of the blacks‚ when we nearly achieved‚ we give them their tyrant leader back. Mandela‚ also called Madiba by his people‚ was arrested in 1962 for sabotage‚ he was the leader of the Umkhonto we Sizwe‚ the armed
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Data Mining Information Systems for Decision Making 10 December 2013 Abstract Data mining the next big thing in technology‚ if used properly it can give businesses the advance knowledge of when they are going to lose customers or make them happy. There are many benefits of data mining and it can be accomplished in different ways. The problem with data mining is that it is only as reliable as the data going in and the way it is handled. There are also privacy concerns with data mining
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Trang Vuong Big Data and Its Potentials Data exists everywhere nowadays. It flows to every area of the economy and plays an important role in the decision-making process. Indeed‚ “businesses‚ industries‚ governments‚ universities‚ scientists‚ consumers‚ and nonprofits are generating data at unprecedented levels and at an incredible pace” to ensure the accuracy and reliability of their data-driven decisions (Gordon-Murnane 30). Especially when technology and economy are growing at an unbelievable
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Data Processing Data Processing is the term generally used to describe what was done by large mainframe computers from the late 1940’s until the early 1980’s (and which continues to be done in most large organizations to a greater or lesser extent even today): large volumes of raw transaction data fed into programs that update a master file‚ with fixed-format reports written to paper. Number System A numeral system (or system of numeration) is a writing system for expressing numbers‚ that is
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