THE HUMAN BODY Our bodies are supported by the skeletal system which is made up of bones‚ ligaments and tendons. The skeletal system works with the muscular system to help the body move. It shapes the body and also protects organs. Inside bones we found the Marrow‚ which is soft‚ fatty tissue that produces red blood cells‚ many white blood cell and other immune system cells. The muscular system consists of about 650 muscles and is responsible for the movement
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reabsorption and water retention. The increased Na in the blood will be filtered into the nephron. The increase makes the sodium transporters not able to reabsorb all of the sodium. Therefore‚ excess sodium and water will remain in the lumen (3). The excess sodium will be excreted into the urine and eliminated from the body. A substance can remain in the blood depending on the amount filtered into the nephron and the amount reabsorbed or secreted by
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Case Study: Urinary‚ Fluid & Electrolyte balance The cardiovascular system and the urinary system are intimately entwined. When the cardiovascular system experiences stress‚ the urinary system can be directly impacted. For example in hemorrhagic shock‚ when the body is rapidly depleted of circulating blood volume‚ the kidneys are often one of the first vital organs affected due to lack of perfusion. The kidneys are dependent on the sufficient cardiac output that the heart delivers. So when the
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fluid 2. Maintain ionic balance in the blood 3. Maintain pH concentration of the blood. 4. Excrete toxic metabolic by-products such as urea‚ ammonia‚ and uric acid. The way the kidneys do this is with nephrons inside the glomeruli. There are over 1 million nephrons in each kidney‚ these nephrons act as filters inside the kidneys. The kidneys filter needed materials and waste‚ the needed materials go back into the bloodstream‚ and unneeded materials becomes urine and is gotten rid of. In some cases
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environment (Sherwood‚ 2007‚ p. 511). The functional unit of the kidney‚ referred to as the nephron‚ is composed of both tubular components—Bowman’s capsule proximal tubule‚ loop of Henle‚ the distal tubule‚ and the collecting duct—and vascular components—afferent arteriole‚ glomerulus‚ efferent arteriole‚ and peritubular capillaries (Sherwood‚ 2007‚ p. 514). Through its vascular and tubular components‚ the nephron performs three basic functions in order to carry out its regulatory role in the kidney:
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Notes by Ankur upaadhyay gujarat board/combined science igcse.9998791839 india. Q.1 Explain transportation of water in plants. A.1 (1) Higher plants possess xylem which is associated with the transport of water. (2) Water absorbed by the root from the soil is transported to stem‚ branches‚ leaves and flowers. (3) The main structural components of the xylem responsible for the transport of water are tracheids and vessels. (4) As the root cells are directly in contact with soil‚they take up
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Vitamin D decreases causing osteodystrophy 46 Pathophysiology of CRF As nephrons are destroyed‚ remaining nephrons hypertrophy Glomerular capillary flow and pressure increase in these nephrons Remaining nephrons predisposed to
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and efferent arterioles b) changing the rate of glomerular filtration‚ tubular reabsorption‚ or both in response to body homeostatic demands The Nephron is the Functional Unit of the Kidney =each kidney contains 800‚000 to 1 million nephrons =the kidney cannot regenerate new nephrons =after age 40‚ the number of functioning nephrons decreases about 10% every 10 years Micturition =process by which the urinary bladder empties when it becomes filled =involves two main steps: 1)
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genes. Polycystin genes act as receptors for extracellular growth. Cystic lesion has formed in Mr. Newman’s kidney. Cyst forms when cells in any region of the nephron divide rapidly. Proximal tubule cells have divided. Dilated segment fill with glomerular filtrate. The dilated segments grow until it eventually separates from the nephron; after it separates the cyst forms. A cyst has formed and it continues to grow. Cysts begin to secrete calcium and chloride ions into the lumen. Mr. Newman’s kidney
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muscles and consumed food. If the waste is not cleared‚ it would slowly build up in the body and can cause serious damage and at some point‚ can be fatal. Nephrons are tiny units inside kidneys‚ making waste removal possible. (EmedicineHealth‚ 2012) One kidney has about a million nephrons‚ meaning a person has two million nephrons in total. In each nephron‚ has a tiny blood vessel called the glomerulus or the capillary intertwines that is connected to a tiny urine-collecting tube also known as the tubule
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