to pass across the axon membrane. Since the only place sodium is located and freely moving on the axon is at the nodes of Ranvier‚ the action potential hops from node to node‚ which is called saltatory conduction. This is the first reason that myelinated axons have a higher conduction velocity than non-myelinated axons. Since the action potential goes from one node of Ranvier to another‚ it is able to travel a greater distance in a shorter time than it would on a non-myelinated axon. This process
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is ignored and hence potential energy is taken as zero. Therefore the total energy of the electron is equal to its kinetic energy. Drift velocity If no electric field is applied on a conductor‚ the free electrons move in random directions. They collide with each other and also with the positive ions. Since the motion is completely random‚ average velocity in any direction is zero. If a constant electric field is established inside a conductor‚ the electrons experience a force F = -eE due to which
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Understanding autoimmune disease is the subject of intense study within the medical community and although there have been great strides in the direction of uncoiling the mystery of autoimmune responses‚ there is still much to be discovered. Cell-mediated autoimmune disease is defined as a disease in which one’s immune system attacks the healthy cells of their own body. Such diseases as Multiple Sclerosis‚ Rheumatoid Arthritis‚ Celiac Disease‚ and Lupus fall into this category. With Zika virus
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HOW DOES THE STRUCTURE OF NEURONES REFLECT THEIR FUNCTION The neuron or nerve cell is the structural unit of the nervous system. It is able to transmit messages between the central nervous system (CNS) and all parts of the body. There are two basic types of neuron namely - the sensory neuron (afferent) and the motor neuron (efferent) (Bear et al.‚ 3rd edition). The sensory neurons (Fig. 1-1) are capable of transmitting the sensation of pain and consist of three major portions which are the dendritic
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Pernicious Anemia and its association to orthostatic hypertension Pernicious anemia is the major form of vitamin B12 deficiency. It is caused by serum antibodies against intrinsic factor which leads to B12 deficiency rather than by B12 deficiency itself. Absorption of vitamin B12 requires intrinsic factor which is secreted by parietal cells. Pernicious anemia is marked by autoimmune attack on gastric mucosa and a loss in parietal cells. Approximately 75% of the affected patients have type I antibody
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U N I T III The Heart 9. Heart Muscle; The Heart as a Pump and Function of the Heart Valves 10. Rhythmical Excitation of the Heart 11. The Normal Electrocardiogram 12. Electrocardiographic Interpretation of Cardiac Muscle and Coronary Blood Flow Abnormalities: Vectorial Analysis 13. Cardiac Arrhythmias and Their Electrocardiographic Interpretation C H A P T E R 9 Heart Muscle; The Heart as a Pump and Function of the Heart Valves With this chapter we begin
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1. A. Homeostasis is defined as a condition of equilibrium in the body internal environment. For example the internal organs‚ behaviors‚ body temperatures. In homeostasis it can be considered as dynamic as it is always changing. The liver‚ kidneys‚ autonomic nervous system and endocrine system‚ and hypothalamus help maintain homeostasis. For example‚ my brother has imbalance homeostasis due to having seizures. Because his brain is not functioning correctly‚ his homeostasis is not balance. B. Medial
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|Unipolar neurons |Multipolar neurons | |transmit impulses generated by olfactory‚ visual‚ |Convey impulses from variety of specialized and |Transmit both sensory and motor nerve impulses | |vestibular‚ and auditory receptor endings ( sensory in|nonspecialized receptors | | |function |
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org/wiki/Americium Arsenic (As) in form of gallium arsenide Light diodes Arsenic is a poisonous metallic element which is present in dust and soluble substances. Permanent exposure to arsenic can lead to various diseases of the skin and decrease nerve conduction velocity. Constant exposure to arsenic can also cause lung cancer and can often be fatal. Link: http://ewasteguide.info/hazardous-substances Mercury (Hg) Fluorescent lamps that procure backlighting in LCDs‚ in some alkaline batteries and mercury
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Benzodiazepines act on a positive regulatory site on the GABAA receptor‚ a ligand-gated ion channel‚ enhancing the activity of GABA neurotransmitter when it binds to the GABAA receptor. Subsequently‚ this leads to greater influx of chloride ions into the nerve cell‚ lowering the electrical potential of the cell and therefore having an overall inhibitory effect on the central nervous system‚ leading to anxiolysis‚ amnesia and sedation (Rang et al. 2011). In addition to benzodiazepines‚ opioids can be administered
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