certain areas science as a whole despite areas of Galvani’s views as being incorrect. Luigi Galvani himself began using electrical means to experiment with muscular stimulation and was able to cause muscular contraction in a frog by touching its nerves with electrostatically charged metal. He was then later able to cause muscular contraction by touching the frog’s spinal cord that was connected to an iron rail by a brass hook‚ where the legs twitched‚ without a source of electrostatic charge; from
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string and then released with zero velocity. Applying the equation ∂2u∂x2=1c2∙∂2u∂t2 with c2=1‚ determine the subsequent motion ux‚t. 3. One end A of an insulated metal bar AB of length 2 m is kept at 0°C while the other end B is maintained at 50°C until a steady state of temperature along the bar is achieved. At t=0‚ the end B is suddenly reduced to 0°C and kept at that temperature. Using the heat conduction equation
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This essay will describe the electrochemical processes that allow an Action potential to occur in a neuron. This will be achieved by firstly‚ defining the purpose of neurons in the body along with a description of the components within a neuron and how they enable information to be passed through the cell membrane and on to other neurons. Secondly‚ the resting potential of a neuron will be explored with relation to the concept of selective permeability and the purpose of the Sodium - Potassium
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layers in the wall of the alimentary canal. a. Mucosa or mucous membrane—surface epithelium‚ underlying connective tissue‚ and a small amount of smooth muscle‚ b. Submucesa—loose connective tissue‚ glands‚ blood vessels‚ lymphatic vessels‚ and nerves. c. Muscular layer—two coats of smooth muscle tissue. d. Serosa or serous layer—epithelium on the outside and connective tissue beneath. 4. Distinguish between mixing movements and propelling movements. A mixing movement is a wavelike motion
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Pathway Neural Pathway Conductive Pathway (External auditory canal to cochlea) Neural Pathway (nerve to brain) Stimulation of bipolar neurons in the spiral ganglion of the cochlear division of CN VIII Sylvian fissure of temporal lobe Cochlear nucleus Superior olivary nucleus Inferior colliculus Lateral leminiscus TYPES OF HEARING LOSS - CONDUCTIVE HEARING LOSS (CHL) The conduction of sound to the cochlea is impaired Can be caused by external and middle ear diseases SENSORINEURAL
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turbulent as well as laminar flow. An example shows the importance of this effect. NOMENCLATURE a‚ b‚ A‚ B‚ & c nt &A Fourier series coefficients ; wall conduction parameter; hydraulic diameter; t YY Y+‚ a‚ EH‚ u.’ eigenfunction; Reynolds number; radius of zero shear; temperature; radial temperature function; velocity; y’@?C Q/P1 i dbn dum ; Subscripts ave‚ in‚ a‚ 1‚ m‚ n‚ 0‚ W‚ average; inlet; annulus ; inner waI1; mean ; harmonic index; outer wall; wall. INTRODUCTION
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disabilities will often result in a deviation of the patient’s ability to properly ambulate. One very common gait deviation that is displayed by these patients is known as “foot-drop.” Foot-drop is the result of weakness or damage to the common peroneal nerve or a paralysis of the tibialis anterior muscle causing an inability to dorsiflex the foot during the swing phase of gait. This results in the patient having to clear the toes of the effected foot by using some type of compensatory motion of the legs
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Upper motor neurons and lower motor neurons act to carry nerve impulses from the brain out to the muscles in the body. Upper motor neurons supply input to the lower motor neurons. They do this by either synapsing directly to lower motor neurons‚ or by synapsing with a local circuit neuron‚ which then synapses with a lower motor neuron. The upper motor neurons originate in the motor region of the cerebral cortex or brainstem. The neurons from the cerebral cortex are important for planning‚ initiating
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such as sewing or fixing things around the house. Glaucoma: Glaucoma is a condition that causes damage to your eye ’s optic nerve and gets worse over time. Glaucoma tends to be inherited and may not show up until later in life. The increased pressure‚ called intraocular pressure‚ can damage the optic nerve‚ which transmits images to the brain. If damage to the optic nerve from high eye pressure continues‚ glaucoma will cause permanent loss of vision. Without treatment‚ glaucoma can cause total permanent
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Introduction to Pharmacology Chapter 1 – Pharmacology intro Pharmacology is the study of drugs. A drug can be any substance that‚ when administered to living organisms‚ produces a change in function. Thus‚ substances such as water‚ metals (iron)‚ or insecticides can be classified as drugs. However‚ the term drug commonly means any medication that is used for diagnosing‚ curing‚ or treating disease Every drug produces its intended effect‚ or therapeutic effect‚ along with other effects. The therapeutic
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