II-Needle Electromyography: Is complements nerve conduction studies and serves a critical role in the evaluation of both muscle and nerve diseases. Recording the electrical activity of the muscle cell membrane with a needle electrode inserted in the muscle‚ the motor unit potential (MUP) can be recorded. Electromyography is performed using an instrument called electromyograph‚ to produce a record called electromyogram. This represents the summated electrical activity of action potentials of all
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chipping‚ or other erosive processes 2. Absorpsi Absorption The way in which the energy of a photon is taken up by matter‚ typically the electrons of an atom. 3. Accelerator Accelerator An apparatus for accelerating charged particles to high velocities. 4. Adhesi Adhesion The sticking together of particles of different substances. 5. Adiabatik Adiabatic Relating to or denoting a process or condition in which heat does not enter or leave the system concerned. 6. Akselerometer Accelerometer An
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that is only subject to conservative forces‚ like the gravitational force‚ the mechanical energy is constant. If an object is moved in the opposite direction of a conservative net force‚ the potential energy will increase and if the speed (not the velocity) of the object is changed‚ the kinetic energy of the object is changed as well. In all real systems‚ however‚ non-conservative forces‚ like frictional forces‚ will be present‚ but often they are of negligible values and the mechanical energy’s being
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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE HEART Anatomy: The heart and heart wall layers: The heart is located in the left side of the mediastinum; it consists of three muscle layers the Endocardium‚ myocardium‚ and epicardium. The epicardium is the outermost layer of the heart. The myocardium is the idle layer of and actual contracting muscle of the heart. The endocardium is the innermost layer and lines the inner chambers and heart valves. Pericardial sac: The pericardial sac encases and protects
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The formation of an action potential can be divided into five steps. (1) A stimulus from a sensory cell or another neuron causes the target cell to depolarize toward the threshold potential. (2) If the threshold of excitation is reached‚ all Na+ channels open and the membrane depolarizes. (3) At the peak action potential‚ K+ channels open and K+ begins to leave the cell. At the same time‚ Na+ channels close. (4) The membrane becomes hyperpolarized as K+ ions continue to leave the cell. The
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NEUROLOGY REPORT #1 This patient has been experiencing numbness and tingling in the left median nerve distribution. History and physical examination‚ EMG‚ and nerve conduction studies were consistent with left carpal tunnel syndrome. Decision was made to perform left median nerve decompression at the wrist to treat the patient’s symptoms and to prevent complications from median nerve compression. NEUROLOGY REPORT #2 HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS The patient is a 49-year-old right-handed
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CORE SYLLABUS for National Eligibility-Cum-Entrance Test (NEET) for Admission to MBBS/BDS Courses The Medical Council of India (MCI) recommended the following syllabus for National Eligibility-cum-Entrance Test for admission to MBBS/BDS courses across the country (NEET-UG) after review of various State syllabi as well as those prepared by CBSE‚ NCERT and COBSE. This is to establish a uniformity across the country keeping in view the relevance of different areas in Medical Education. PHYSICS
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Learning Objectives Learn how the body minimizes excessive heat loss during exposure to cold. Find out the dangers of cold-water immersion. Discover how to exercise safely in the cold. BODY HEAT GAINED AND LOST 2 Modes of Heat Transfer Conduction—direct molecular contact with an object Convection—motion
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Review Guide Chapters 13-17 Chapter 13 – True or False 1. The nervous system consists of the brain‚ spinal cord‚ and nerves. 2. The afferent nervous system consists of all outgoing motor pathways. 4. Ependymal cells engulf and destroy microbes and cellular debris in inflamed or degenerating brain tissue. 5. Oligodendrocytes form myelin sheaths around nerve fibers in the CNS. 6. Nerve fibers with many Schwann cells forming a thick myelin sheath are called myelinated fibers‚ or gray fibers. 8. Most
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peripheral nerve blocks such as brachial plexus blockade are performed. In these situations‚ average duration of effective surgical anaesthesia of 10-12 hours has been reported. When administered in the subarachnoid space‚ onset of spinal anaesthesia occurs within 5 minutes while the duration of surgical anaesthesia persists for 3-4 hours. Side effects: I. Cardiovascular system reactions: Unintentional intravascular injection of bupivacaine during regional anaesthesia or peripheral nerve blocks causes
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