fibers‚ ganglion cells (sensory and effectors neurons)‚ and interneurons richly interconnected by reflex arcs located in the wall of the gastrointestinal tract and directed to innervate smooth muscle cells. The effector neurons of the myenteric plexus may be excitatory or inhibitory according to the substances released in contact with smooth muscle cells. Excitatory neurons release acetylcholine‚ substance P‚ and other tachykinins‚ while inhibitory neurons release vasoactive intestinal peptide and nitric
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Potassium ion channels and potassium ions Page 1. Introduction • Neurons communicate over long distances by generating and sending an electrical signal called a nerve impulse‚ or action potential. Page 2. Goals • To understand that rapid changes in permeability of the neuronal membrane produce the action potential. • To recognize
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brain contains an estimated 100 billion nerve cells‚ or neurons * Each neuron my communicate with thousands of other neurons * Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a technology that can reconstruct a 3-D map of brain activity * The results of brain imaging and other research methods reveal that groups of neurons function in specialized circuits dedicated to different tasks 48.1: Nervous Systems consist of circuits of neurons and supporting cells * All animals except sponges
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Exercise 1: Multipolar Neurons obseRvations Sketch your observations through the microscope of the neuron‚ the ox spinal cord smear‚ and the teased myelinated nerve. Please describe what you observed on each slide. Questions A. What is the function of a neuron? To carry and transmit electrical impulses generated by both internal and external stimuli. B. What is the difference between a neuron and a nerve? Nerves
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Reflexes Laboratory Activity (12 points) 1. Amy has numbness of her pinky‚ ring finger‚ and medial surface of her right arm. After neurological testing‚ it is determined that she has a compressed spinal nerve on the right side. a. Which spinal nerve (what level) is affected? The level is C5-T1 cervical nerves. The specific spinal nerve would belong to the brachial plexus‚ the ulnar nerve. b. How did you determine/decide it was this level? The ulnar nerve branches off of the medial cord‚ which is
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Short term effects xviii. Memory loss xix. Hard to retain information h. Long term effects xx. Memory loss xxi. Learning ability C. Coordination i. Cannabinoid receptors xxii. Neurons in the brain xxiii. Balance xxiv. Movement j. Cerebellum xxv. Governs coordination xxvi. Muscle control xxvii. Impairing of coordination k. Nervous system xxviii. Branches
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network of neurons (nerve cells) that that sends information to the brain to be analyzed. Neurons live both in and outside the central nervous system. Understanding how the neurons work is vital to understanding the nervous system. Neurons The neuron has two important structures called the dendrite and axon‚ also called nerve fibers. The dendrites are like tentacles that sprout from the cell and the axon is one long extension of the cell. The dendrites receive signals from other neurons‚ while the
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A baby’s brain is like a lantern; it is vaguely aware of everything. Children have more neurons actively working than adults because the brain provides too many connections before it decides which ones to keep. This means that children are overly sensitive to stimuli in their environment. Children will absorb information from any environment that they are placed in: school‚ home‚ or on the streets. If a child is exposed to negative stimuli‚ the risk of future psychological defects is increased exponentially
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will be discussed are the enrichment of certain environments on brain plasticity and the observation of experiences actions on the activation of mirror neurons. The first effect of environment on physiological processes that will be discussed is brain plasticity. Brain plasticity is the brain’s ability to rearrange its connections with its neurons‚ that is‚ the changes that occur in the structure of the brain as a result of learning or experience (exposure to different environments). The changes
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RESTING POTENTIAL Resting potential is the membrane potential when a neuron is not conducting any electrical impulse or signal. The resting potential is around -75 mV. During resting potential‚ the inside of the axon is negative GRADED POTENTIAL ACTION POTENTIAL Action potential is a fleeting reversal of the membrane potential‚ caused by changes in permeability of the plasma membrane of neuron to potassium and sodium ions causing an electrical impulse to be transmitted along the axon.
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