A ’tropism’ is a growth in response to a stimulus. Plants grow towards sources of water and light‚ which they need to survive and grow. Auxin is a plant hormone produced in the stem tips and roots‚ which controls the direction of growth. Plant hormones are used in weedkillers‚ rooting powder and to control fruit ripening. Tropisms The direction of plant growth Plants need light and water for photosynthesis. They have developed responses called tropisms to help make sure they grow towards sources
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inner ear. The vibrations cause the cochlea to vibrate moving the fluid that fills the tube. This motion causes ripples that in turn bend the hair cells lining the surface of the basilar membrane. This causes impulses in the nerve cells that form the auditory nerve which sends the impulses to the auditory cortex in the temporal lobe. If we were applying Hermann von Helmholtz’s pitch theory we would reason that the bark came in and registered on a part of the cochlea that that corresponds to that
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damage to tiny hair cells in a part of your inner ear called the cochlea. These hair cells usually pick up the vibrations of sounds and send them to the brain through the auditory nerve. When they’re damaged‚ sound can’t reach that nerve. A cochlear implant skips the damaged hair cells and sends signals to the auditory nerve directly. A hearing aid sends sound vibrations entering the ear. Surviving hair cells detect the larger vibrations and changes them into neural signals that are passed along to
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electrical impulses that activate remaining retinal cells which then carry the signal back to the brain. The way it works is bionic vision system consists of a camera‚ attached to a pair of glasses‚ which transmits high-frequency radio signals to a microchip‚ implanted in the retina. Electrodes on the implanted chip convert these signals into electrical impulses to stimulate cells in the retina that connect to the optic nerve. These impulses are then passed down along the optic nerve to the vision
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Physiology of Vision Anatomy of the eye: Even though the eye is small‚ only about 1 inch in diameter‚ it serves a very important function -- the sense of sight. Vision is by far the most used of the five senses and is one of the primary means that we use to gather information from our surroundings. More than 75% of the information we receive about the world around us consists of visual information. The eye is often compared to a camera. Each gathers light and then transforms that light into a
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trend toward bilateral symmetry and cephalization * Invertebrate Nervous Organization * In simple animals‚ such as sponges‚ the most common observable response is closure of the osculum (central opening) * Hydras (cnidarians) have a nerve net that is composed of neurons * Planarians‚ (flatworms) have a ladderlike nervous system * In annelids (earthworm)‚ arthropods (crab)‚ and molluscs (squid) the nervous system shows further advances * Cephalization - concentration
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speech. The corticospinal tract originates in the cortex and travels past the pyramids located in the medulla to innervate spinal nerves through the spinal cord. The cotricospinal tract controls movement of the limbs (Rouse‚ 2015).The corticonuclear tract also originated in the cortex and travels past the pyramids located in the medulla to innervate the cranial nerves. The corticonuclear tract controls fine motor movements and controls the movement of the speech mechanisms. The corticonuclear tract
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BRAIN STRUCTURES‚ ETYMOLOGY and FUNCTIONS STRUCTURE |ETYMOLOGY|FUNCTION| Prefrontal Cortex (or Frontal Lobe) |Frontal-1650s‚ of the forehead; From Modern Latin frontalis‚ from front-‚ stem of frons "brow‚ forehead." Lobe-Early 15c.‚ "a lobe of the liver or lungs‚" from Middle French lobe and directly from Medieval Latin lobus‚ from Late Latin lobus "hull‚ husk‚ pod."|The gray matter of the anterior part of the frontal lobe that plays a role in the regulation of complex cognitive
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of the muscle ^ Tougher test and exams questions on this ^ 1.4 The muscular system: features‚ arrangement and microscopic- structure Common features of muscles Nervous control- muscle has nerve running to it from the brain (not every cell has nerves) Contractility- muscles contract and become thicker Extensibility- muscles have the capacity to stretch and extend when force is applied Elasticity- muscles can return to their original size and shape once stretched
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originate from a specific area of the ventral ventricular zone and the others arise from dorsal spinal cord. Oligodendrocytes along with Schwann cells are also responsible to generates myelin‚ the fatty white layer that preserve‚ wrap‚ and insulates nerve fibers. In the CNS‚ each oligodendrocytes able to form myelin around multiple axons whereas in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)‚ each Schwann
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